The Prokaryotes

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

unicellular orgs lacking nucleus
Bacteria & Archaea
common ancestor of all species today

“before kernel” - nucleus

Question 2

eukaryotes

Answer 2

org w/ nucleus, membrane-bound organelles & cytoskeleton
unicellular or multicellular

“true kernel” - nucleus

Question 3

Archaea

Answer 3

1 of 3 taxonomic domains of life

unicellular prokaryotes
cell walls made of polysaccharides, plasma membrane, ribosomes & RNA polymerase

Question 4

extremophiles

Answer 4

bacterium or archaen that thrive in “extreme” environments

- high salt, high temp, low temp, low pressure

Question 5

pathogenic

Answer 5

any entity capable of causing disease
“disease producing”

(ie.) virus, microb, prion

Question 6

germ theory of disease

Answer 6

infectious diseases = caused by bacteria, viruses & other microorgs

• pattern: certain diseases are infectious
• process: transmission & growth of bacteria/virus

Question 7

toxin

Answer 7

poison produced by living org

Question 8

virulence

Answer 8

ability to cause disease

Question 9

antibiotics

Answer 9

any substance that can kill/stop growth of bacteria

- produced naturally by soil-dwelling bacteria/fungi

Question 10

biofilms

Answer 10

complex bacterium enmeshed in polysaccharide-rich, extracellular matrix that allows them to attach to a surface

Question 11

bioremediation

Answer 11

use living orgs (bacteria/archaea) to degrade environmental problems

Question 12

phototroph

Answer 12

org that produces ATP through photosynthesis
“light feeders”

(ie) plants, algae, some bacteria

Question 13

chemoorganotroph

Answer 13

org that produces ATP by oxidizing organic molecules w/ high potential energy

• aka organotroph
• cellular respiration or fermentation
• sugar = e- donor

Question 14

chemolithotrophs

Answer 14

org (bacteria/archaea) that produces ATP by oxidixing inorganice molecules w/ high potential energy

• aka lithotroph
• “rock feeders”

Question 15

autotroph

Answer 15

org that can synthesize reduced organic compounds of simple inorganic sources

• aka primary producers
• “self-feeders”

(ie) most plants & some bacteria/archaea

Question 16

heterotroph

Answer 16

org that cannot synthesize reduced organic compounds of simple inorganic sources

• must obtain from other orgs
• aka consumer
• “other feeders”

(ie) some bacteria/archaea & all fungi, animals

Question 17

cellular respiration

Answer 17

common pathway for ATP production

- transfer e- compounds w/ HP energy through e- transport chain to an e- acceptor (ie. oxygen)

Question 18

ATP

Answer 18

molecule w/ adenine base, sugar & 3 PO4 groups

• can be hydrolyzed to release energy
• adenosine triphosphate
• used by cells to store/transfer energy

Question 19

fermentation

Answer 19

any metabolic pathways that regenerate oxidizing agents by transferring e- to a final e- aceptor in absence of an e- transport chain
- process cont. w/out transport chain

Question 20

photosynthesis

Answer 20

(biological process) convert light energy into chemical energy

• stored in glucose & other organic compounds
• occurs in most plants, algae & some bacteria

Question 21

oxygenic (photosynthesis)

Answer 21

any process/rxn that produces oxygen

• photosynthesis in plants, algae & cyanobacteria (involves photosynthesis II)
• use H20 as e- source for photosynthesis
• “oxygen producing”

Question 22

anoxygenic (photosynthesis)

Answer 22

any process/rxn that does not produce oxygen

• photosynthesis in purple sulfur & purple nonsulfur bacteria
• “no oxygen producing”
• produce sulfur or ferric ion

Question 23

methanotroph

Answer 23

org (bacteria/archaea) that uses methan as its primary e- donor & source of carbon
- “methane eaters”

Question 24

cyanobacteria

Answer 24

a lineage of photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae)

- 1st life forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 25

aerobic respiration

Answer 25

any metabolic process, cell, or org that uses oxygen as e- acceptor

Question 26

anaerobic respiration

Answer 26

any metabolic process, cell, or org that uses an e- acceptor other than oxygen
- include fermentation