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BIO120 > Green Plants > Flashcards

Green Plants Flashcards

LG 11-12

1
Q

ecosystem services

A

all benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem fcns

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2
Q

nonvascular plant

A

paraphyletic group of land plants

  • lack vascular tissue
  • reproduce using spore

(ie) bryphytes

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3
Q

seedless vascular plant

A

have vascular tissue

  • no produce seeds
  • make microscopic spores that are carried by wind to new habitats

(ie) ferns

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4
Q

seed plant

A

have vascular tissue
- embryo w/ store of nutritive tissue surrounded by tough protective layer

(ie) angiosperm

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5
Q

vascular tissue

A

tissue that transports H2O, nutrients & sugars

  • plants only
  • made of complex tissues of xylem & phloem
  • aka vascular tissue system
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6
Q

seed

A

plant reproductive system consisting of embryo, nutritive tissue (endosperm) & outer protective layer (seed coat)

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7
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering vascular plant that produces seeds w/in mature ovaries (fruit)
- form a single lineage

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8
Q

sporangia

A

spore-producing structure found in seed plants, some protists & some fungi

(ie) chytrids

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9
Q

gymnosperm

A

vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers

- 5 lineages: cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, redwoods, & gnetophytes

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10
Q

green algae

A

paraphyletic group of photosynthetic orgs

  • contain chloroplasts similar to green plants
  • often classified as protists
  • closest living relatives of land plants
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11
Q

lichen

A

symbiotic association of a fungus

- a photosynthetic alga + cyanobacterium

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12
Q

peat

A

semi-decayed organic matter

- accumulates in moist, low-oxygen environments

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13
Q

rhizoid

A

hairlike structure that anchors nonvascular plant to substrate

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14
Q

roots

A

underground part of plant (anchors plants, absorbs H2O & nutrients)
- most ancestral branch in phylogenetic tree

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15
Q

rhizome

A

modified stem

  • runs horizontally underground
  • produces new plants @ nodes (sexual reproduction)
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16
Q

Types of green plants

A

(1) green algae

(2) land plants

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17
Q

Green plant significance to environment

A

(1) produce oxygen
(2) create, build, hold soil
(3) holds H2O & moderates climate (shade = low temp/wind)
(4) primary producers

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18
Q

3 categories of land plants

A

(1) nonvascular plants
(2) seedless vascular plants
(3) seed plants

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19
Q

cuticle

A

protective coating secreted by outermost layer of cells of animal/plant
- fcn: decrease water loss/evaporation

20
Q

stoma

A

pore or opening

  • (plants) microscopic pore surrounded by specialized cells that open pore -> found on surface of leaf/stem
  • fcn: gas exchange
  • pl. stomata
21
Q

guard cells

A

1 of 2 specialized, crescent-shaped cells forming border of plant stoma
- change shape to open or close stoma

22
Q

pore

A

(land plants) opening in epithelium

- fcn: gas exchange

23
Q

lignin

A

substance found secondary cell walls of some plants

  • stiff & strong
  • complex polymer built from 6-carbon rings
  • most abundant in woody plants parts
  • hard to break
  • “rings”
24
Q

tracheids

A

(vascular plants) long, thin, water conducting cell

  • has pits where lignin-containing secondary cell wall is absent
  • allow H2O movement btwn adjacent cells
  • “holes at top/bottom”
25
Q

vessel elements

A

(vascular plants) short, wide, water conducting cell

  • gaps through primary/secondary cell walls
  • allow unimpeded passage of H2O btwn adjacent cells

“gaps at top/bottom”

26
Q

wood

A

xylem resulting of secondary growth

  • forms strong supporting material
  • aka secondary xylem
27
Q

gametangia

A

gamate forming structure found in all land plants, except angiosperms

  • parts: antheridium (sperm-produce) & archegonium (egg-produce)
  • gamate-forming structure of some chytrid fungi
  • fcn: prevent drying out
28
Q

embryophyte

A

plant that nourishes embryos inside own body

29
Q

alternation of generation

A

(life cycle) alternate multicelluar haploid stage (gametophyte) w/ multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte)
- occurs in most plants, some protists

30
Q

gametophyte

A

multicellular haploid form that arises from single haploid spore & produces gamates
- org undergoing AoG

31
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid form that arises from 2 fused gamates to produce haploid spores
- org undergoing AoG

32
Q

heterospory

A

(seed plants) production of 2 distinct types: microspores, which becomes male gametophyte & megaspores, which becomes female gametophyte

33
Q

homospory

A

(seedless vascular plants) produce just one type of spore

34
Q

microsporangia

A

(heterosporous plants species) a spore-producing structure

- produces microspores, which go onto develop into male gametophytes

35
Q

megasporangia

A

(heterosporous plant species) a spore-producing structure

- produces microspores, which go onto develop into female gametophytes

36
Q

pollen grain

A

(seed plants) male gametophyte enclosed w/in protective coat of sporopollenin

37
Q

flower

A

(angiosperms) part of plant that contains reproductive structures
- includes: calyx, corolla & 1 or more stamens/carpels

38
Q

petals

A

leaf-like organs arranged around reproductive organs of flower

  • often colored & scented
  • fcn: attract pollinators
39
Q

pollination

A

process which pollen reaches carpel of flower, transferred from another to stigma, or reaches ovule directly

40
Q

fruit

A

(angiosperm) a mature, ripened plant ovary + seeds + adjacent fused parts
- often fcns in seed dispersal

41
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid revolutionary diversification w/in 1 lineage, producing many descendant species w/ wide range of adaptive forms

42
Q

monocots

A

any angiosperm w/ single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) upon germination

  • form monophyletic group
  • aka monocotyledonous plant
43
Q

dicot

A

any angiosperm w/ 2 cotyledons (embryonic leaves) upon germination

  • no form monophyletic group
  • aka dicotyledonous plant
44
Q

plant adaptations

A

(1) water loss prevention
(2) UV irradiation protection
(3) upright growth - rigid outer layer, resist wind & gravity
(4) vascular tissue - lignin
(5) elaborate vascular tissue: tracheids & vessels

45
Q

evolutionary innovations

A

(1) gametangium - no dry out
(2) land plant embryos - nourished by parent
(3) alternation of generation - meiosis
(4) gametophyte-dominated life cycle & sporophyte-dominated life cycle
(5) heterospory - 2 types of spores by diff. structures
(6) pollen - move gamates w/out water aid
(7) flowers - heterospory elaboration
(8) pollination by insects/animals
(9) fruit - part of ovary

BIO120 (24 decks)

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