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BIO120 > Animal Origin > Flashcards

Animal Origin Flashcards

LG 14

1
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

rapid diversification of animal body types & lineages

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2
Q

animal

A

member of major lineage of eukaryotes (Animalia)

  • typically complex, large, multicellular body
  • eat other orgs
  • mobile
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3
Q

body plan

A

basic architecture of animal’s body

- including: number & arrangement of limbs, body segments & major tissue layers

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4
Q

sessile

A

permanently attached to a substrate

- not capable of moving to another location

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5
Q

choanocytes

A

specialized, flagellated feeding cell found in choanoflagellates (closest related living animal relative) & sponges
- most ancient animal phylum

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6
Q

colonies

A

assemblage of individuals (semi-independent cells or breeding population of multicellular orgs)

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7
Q

tissue

A

group of cells that fcn as a unit

(ie) muscle tissue - animal or xylem tissue - plant

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8
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

major lineage of protostomes

  • grow by extending size of exoskeletons, not molting
  • many phyla = specialized feeding structure (lophophore) or ciliated larvae (trochophore)

(ie) rotifers, flatworms, segmented worms & mollusks

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9
Q

ecdysozoan

A

major lineage of protostomes
- grow by molting & expanding bodies

(ie) arthopods, nematodes, etc

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10
Q

segmentation

A

body or part of it is divided into series of similar structures
- exemplified by body segments of insects, worms, & somites of vertebrates

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11
Q

vertebrate

A

1 of 3 major chordate lineages (Vertebrata)
- animals w/ dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures & skull enclosing brain

(ie) fish, amphibians, mammals & reptiles

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12
Q

invertebrate

A

paraphyletic group composed of animals w/out a backbone

- includes 95% of all animal species

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13
Q

benthic

A

living @ bottom of aquatic environment

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14
Q

polyp

A

sessile stage in life cycle of some cnidarians (jellyfish)

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15
Q

medusa

A

free-floating stage in life cycle of cnidarians

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16
Q

cnidocyte

A

specialized stinging cell found in cnidarians

- used in capturing prey

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17
Q

Cambrian Explosion diversitfication

A

(1) increased oxygen levels
(2) predation evolution: sessile to predators w/ shells & skeleton; increased movement
(3) new riches -> new niches (ecological diversification)
(4) new genes, new bodies

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18
Q

germ layers

A

embryonic tissue layers

- types: diploblast & triploblast

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19
Q

diploblast

A

animals whose embryos have 2 types of tissue

  • “two buds”
  • ectoderm + endoderm
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20
Q

triploblast

A

animals whose embryos have 3 types of tissue

  • “three buds”
  • ectoderm + mesoderm + endoderm
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21
Q

ectoderm

A

skin & nervous system

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22
Q

mesoderm

A

circulatory system, muscle & internal structures (bone/organs)

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23
Q

endoderm

A

digestive tract lining

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24
Q

radial symmetry

A

“spoke symmetry”

  • at least 2 planes of symmetry
  • older than bilateral
  • evolved from phylum Echinodermata
  • attracts more prey
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25
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

“2 sides symmetry”

  • 1 plane of symmetry (lengthwise, down middle)
  • occurs in triploblastic lineages
26
Q

cephalization

A

evolution of a head or anterior region

27
Q

nerve net

A

nerve cells organized into diffuse arrangement

- all over body, cover everything

28
Q

central nervous system

A

some neurons clustered into 1 or more tracts/cords that project throughout body
- like a tree w/ roots

29
Q

body cavaties

A

enclosed fluid-filled chamber act as hydrostatic skeleton

(1) coelem
(2) pseudocoelem
(3) acoelmate

30
Q

coelem

A

fluid-filling cavity btwn inner & outer tubes

- coelemates: bilaterians w/ coelem

31
Q

pseudocoelem

A

bilaterians that retained coelem but lost mesodermal lining in parts of coelem
- “false-cavity form”

(ie) round worms

32
Q

acoelomates

A

bilaterians that lost coelem
- “no cavity form”

(ie) flatworms

33
Q

protostome

A

mouth before anus development

  • “first mouth”
  • blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form coelem
34
Q

deuterostome

A

anus before mouth development

  • “second mouth”
  • pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelem
35
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of gut & embryonic germ layers

36
Q

food sources

A

(1) detritivore
(2) herbivore
(3) carnivore
(4) omnivore

37
Q

detritivore

A

feed on dead organic matter

38
Q

herbivore

A

feed on plants & algae

39
Q

carnivore

A

feed on animals

40
Q

omnivore

A

feed on animals & plants

41
Q

types of consumers

A

(1) predators
(2) parasites
(3) endoparasites
(4) ectoparasites

42
Q

feeding tactics

A

(1) suspension feeding
(2) deposit feeding
(3) fluid feeding
(4) mass feeding

43
Q

suspension feeder

A

trap suspended particles

  • usually eat detritus, plankton, small orgs in currents
  • (ie) sponges, clams, mussels, baleen whales, barnacles
  • aka filter feeders
44
Q

deposit feeder

A

digest organic matter in sediments

  • food: sand or mud-dwelling bacteria, archaea, protists & fungi
  • similar in appearance

(ie) earthworms

45
Q

fluid feeder

A

food source: nectar

  • found in wide lineages array
  • often have mouth parts that allow them to pierce seeds, stems, skin, etc.

(ie) butterflies, moths, vampire bats

46
Q

mass feeder

A

ingest chunks of food
- mouth structure correlates w/ food pieces

(ie) lions - razor teeth tare bite & snails - radula scrap

47
Q

types of reproduction

A

(1) asexual - mitosis

2) sexual - meiosis + fusion of gamates (increase genetic diversity

48
Q

where fertilization occurs

A

(1) internal

(2) external

49
Q

internal fertilization

A

male insert sperm-transfer organ into female body

50
Q

external fertilization

A

male produce sperm in packets, female picks up & inserts into own bodies

  • (seahorse) female insert eggs for male body
  • common in aquatic species
51
Q

types of embryo development

A

(1) vivaporous
(2) oviparous
(3) ovoviviparous

52
Q

vivaporous

A

nourish embryos internally; give birth to live young

  • most mammals, sea stars, velvet worms, fish, amphibians
  • “live bearing”
53
Q

oviparous

A

deposit fertilized eggs; embryos nourished by yolk
- most insects, birds & animals

“egg bearing”

54
Q

ovovivaparous

A

retain eggs internally, give birth to live young, embryos nourished by yolk inside egg
- guppies, garter snakes, reptiles & some snail

“egg-live bearing”

55
Q

metamorphosis

A

drastic change from one developmental stage to another

  • common in marine animals, insects & many amphibians
  • direct & indirect

“change form”

56
Q

direct metamorphosis

A

young adult version looks like adult version

(ie) animals

57
Q

indirect metamorphosis

A

larvae, juvenile & adult form

  • all live in diff. environment
  • each stage eat diff. food
58
Q

larvae

A

indirect metamorphosis stage 1

  • embryogenesis =diff. from adults
  • live in diff. habitats
  • eat diff. food
59
Q

juveniles

A

indirect metamorphosis stage 2

  • look like adults
  • live in same habitat
  • eat same food
60
Q

adults

A

indirect metamorphosis stage 3

  • maturation
  • stage of reproduction

BIO120 (24 decks)

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