Consumption & Mutualism Flashcards

LG 26

1
Q

herbivory

A

practice of eating plant tissues

(ie) caterpillars chew leaves
(ie) marine iguanas feed on algae

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2
Q

parasitism

A

symbiotic relationship btwn 2 orgs that is beneficial to one org (parasite) but detrimental to other (host)

  • often occurs over long period
  • not necessarily fatal
  • parasites = smaller than host
  • social parasite -> convince otro specie to raise their young

(ie) worms, ticks, mites & unicellular protists -> humans

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3
Q

host

A

individual invaded by an org such as parasite or a virus

- provides habitat or resources to a commensal org

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4
Q

predation

A

predator kills & eats prey

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5
Q

constitutive defense

A

defensive trait that is always manifested even in the absence of a predator or pathogen

  • aka standing defense
  • present even in absence of predator

(ie) mimicry
(ie) cryptic coloration – blend in w/ environment
(ie) escape behavior – have adaptations to detect predators  run/fly/swim/jump aways
(ie) toxins & otro defense chemicals
(ie) schooling/flocking  predators confused by groups of prey
(ie) defense armor / weapons  protective shells, sharp spines, etc.

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6
Q

mimicry

A

phenomenon in which one species has evolved or learns to look or sound like another species
- Batesian or Mullerian

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7
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

HARMLESS or palatable species resembles a dangerous or poisonous species
- look dangerous, not dangerous

(ie) hornet moth, wasp beetle & hoverfly look like bees & wasps

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8
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

HARMFUL species resemble each other

  • similar-looking unpleasant prey live in same habitat -> increases predator avoidance
  • look dangerous, are dangerous

(ie) paper wasp, bumblebee & honeybee

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9
Q

inducible defenses

A

defensive trait manifested in response to presence of a consumer (predator or herbivore) or pathogen

  • effective but expensive
  • declines if predator leaves habitat
  • energetically efficient
  • slow, takes time to produce them

(ie) porcupine quills

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10
Q

meta-analysis

A

compare results of analyses from previously published studies
- study of studies

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11
Q

integrated pest management

A

(agriculture or forestry) systems for managing insects or other pests

  • carefully controlled applications of toxins
  • introduce species that prey on pests
  • planting schemes that reduce chance of a severe pest outbreak
  • maximize crop & forest production, using min. of insecticides or otro harmful compounds
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12
Q

types of consumption

A

(1) herbivory
(2) parasitism
(3) predation

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13
Q

“why is the world green” hypotheses

A

(1) top-down hypothesis

(2) bottom-up limitation hypothesis

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14
Q

top-down hypothesis

A

herbivore populations limited by predation & disease

  • reflects herbivore’s on food chain
  • predators remove herbivores, plant material leftover
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15
Q

bottom-up limitation hypothesis

A

plant tissues offer poor nutrition & are well defended

  • reflects plant’s position on food chain
  • herbivore numbers limited b/c plant tissues contain toxic chemicals & poor nutrients
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