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Vascular plants > The Plant Cell And The Cell Cyle > Flashcards

The Plant Cell And The Cell Cyle Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

A

Before a nucleus - bacteria and archaea
-lack nucleus (DNA not surrounded by membrane)
-have circular bacterial chromosome in nucleoid
-lack membrane bound organelles
-non cytoskeleton

True nucleus
-DNA linear in nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
-cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Protoplast

A

Contents of cells Consisting of a cytoplasm with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

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3
Q

Plasma membrane functions

A
  1. Separates protoplast from outside
  2. Mediates transport in and out
  3. Synthesis of cell wall microfibrils (cellulose)
  4. Detects and responds to hormonal and environmental signals
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4
Q

Tonoplast

A

Single membrane around vacuoles

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis

A

Movement within the cell as long as cell is alive

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6
Q

Nucleus functions

A
  1. Controls ongoing activities by determine which and when protein molecules are produced
  2. Stores genetic info (DNA) - nuclear genome
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7
Q

Endoplasm if reticulum

A

A complex system of membranes that plays a central role in cellular biosynthesis.

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8
Q

Chromatin and chromosomes

A

Threads and Grains easily distinguished

During division, chromatin become condensed until visible as distinct chromosomes

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9
Q

Haploid
Diploid
Polyploid

A

Number of chromosomes in gametes is half the somatic cell

Somatic cell (double set)

3n, 4n, 5n

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10
Q

Nucleoli

A

A small spherical body found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; composed chiefly of rRNA that is in the process of being transcribed from copies of rRNA genes; the site of production of ribosomal subunits

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small particles, consisting of protein and RNA. Has a large and small subunit produced in nucleolus and transported to cytoplasm, where they are assembled into ribosomes. Ribosomes are where amino acid are linked together to form proteins

May aggregate into polysome areas

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12
Q

Plastids

A

Concerned with photosynthesis and storage-chloroplasts (with chlorophyll and carotenoid), chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

Plastids are differentiators into a membrane system consisting of flattened sacs called thylakoids and a matrix called the stroma

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13
Q

Chloroplast jobs besides photosynthesis

A

Involves in synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and a number of secondary metabolites and temporary storage of starch

-contain own DNA

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14
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Pigmented plastids of variable shape, lacking chlorophyll but synthesize and retain carotenoid pigments (yellow, orange, red). Has no membranes

May develop from previous chloroplasts (ripening of fruits from green to yellow)

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15
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Lack pigments and an elaborate system of inner membranes. Some synthesize starch, other are capable of forming oils and proteins.

Lest differentiated

Contains amyloplasts

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16
Q

Proplastids

A

Small, colourless, or pale green undifferentiated plastids that occur in meristematic cells of roots and shoots. Precursors to highly differentiated plastids. In embryos, pro plastids of seeds first develop into etioplasts, and then with light become chloroplasts

Can become amyloplast, chromoplasts or mature chloroplast

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17
Q

Prolamellar bodies

A

Proplastid differentiation development is arrested due to a sense of light, a prolamellar body is formed.

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18
Q

Etioplasts

A

Plastids containing prolamellar bodies

-form in lead cells of plants grown in the dark. When exposed to light, the eptioplasts develop into chloroplasts, and membranes of prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Like plastids, are surrounded by 2 membranes. Inner membrane has numerous invaginations called cristae to increase surface area for proteins and reactions. Generally smaller than plastids.

Sites of respiration, a process involving the release of energy from organic molecules and it’s conversion to molecules of ATP.

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20
Q

What organelle plays a role in programmed cell death

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

In plant cells, genetic information is found in which organelles

A

Plastids, mitochondria and nucleus

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22
Q

Symbiosis

A

Close association between two or more dissimilar organisms that may be, but is not necessarily beneficial to each

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Or micro bodies

Are spherical organelles that have a single membrane.

Some photorespirate and some contain glyoxysomes

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24
Q

Photorespiration

A

A process that consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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25
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Contain the enzymes necessary for the conversion of stored fats to sucrose during germination in many seeds.

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26
Q

Cell sap

A

Water based liquid filling vacuoles

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27
Q

Most of the increase in the size of the cell results from the enlargement of the _____

A

Vacuoles

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28
Q

Vacuole tasks

A

-storage for primary metabolites (sugars)
-remove toxic secondary metabolites (nicotine)
-pigmentation deposition (reds from Anthocyannins )
-breakdown of macromolecules and recycling of cell components
-keep cells turgid with water storage

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29
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum and the forms

A

A complex, 3D membrane system that permeates the entire cytosol. Communication system within the cell and as a system for channeling materials such as proteins and lipids to different parts of the cell.

Cells that sores proteins have abundant rough ER with flattened sac or Cisternae

Cells that secrete lipids have extensive smooth ER that lack ribosomes and is largely tubular

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30
Q

Cortical ER function

A

Regulate calcium in cytosol

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31
Q

Where are oil bodies made

A

ER

Lipid synthesis most abundant in seeds and fruits

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32
Q

Golgi apparatus and main plant function

A

Refers to a collective group of Golgi bodies. Consist of 5-8 stacks of flattened, disk shaped sac or cisternae. Has a forming and maturing side (with trans-golgi network). Process and secrete glycoproteins.

In plants, Golgi bodies are involved in the synthesis and secretion of noncellulosic polysaccharides destined for incorporation with cell wall.

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33
Q

Movement from ER, to Golgi to cell wall

A

ER-transition vesicles-forming face of Golgi-shuttle vesicles-trans-Golgi network-maturing face-secretory vesicles-cell membrane-cell wall

34
Q

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

A

The secretion of substances from cells in vesicles

The uptake of extracellular substances by infolding of the plasma membrane and pinching off a vesicle.

35
Q

Where are new membranes made and how are they transported

A

ER, transition vesicles transport to golgi and then secretory vesicles from trans-golgi contribute to plasma membrane, or tonoplast

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

3D network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytosol and are intimately involved in many processes like cell division, growth, differentiation, and movement of organelles, and structure.

Consists of two types of protein filaments: microtubules and actin filaments and may also have intermediate filaments

37
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylindrical structures build up from subunits if tubulin which form a helix. During development one end grows faster-fast growing end is the plus end.
Constantly changing= dynamic instability

Functions: orderly growth of cell, direction of expansion, make up spindle fibres, component of flagella and cilia

38
Q

Where does microtubule assembly take place

A

Microtubule organizing centres

39
Q

Actin filaments

A

Polar structures with distinct plus and minus ends, composed of actin protein.

Functions: cell wall deposition, tip growth of pollen tubes, movement of nucleus before and following cell division, organelle movement, vesicles-mediated secretion, cytoplasmic streaming!

40
Q

Flagella and cilia

A

Hair-like structures that extend from the surface of many difference types of eukaryotic cells. Relatively thin and constant in diameter, but vary in length. Shorter ones come in larger numbers, and vice versa.

41
Q

Where are flagella found in plants

A

Only in reproductive cells (gametes), and motile sperm

42
Q

Cell wall functions and it’s parts

A

-constrains expansion of protoplast and prevents rupture if the plasma membrane during uptake of water. Protects from pathogens.
-determines size and shape of the cell and texture of tissue
-influences final shape of plant organ
-contains variety of enzymes important to absorption, transport and secretion of substances
-role in defence of pathogens
-receive/ process information from surface and transmits to plasma membrane

-middle lamella
-primary wall
-secondary wall
-Plasmodesmata

43
Q

Principal component fi plant cells walls

A

Cellulose

44
Q

Lignin

A

Component of cell walls that adds compressive strength and benign stiffness.

45
Q

Cutin, suberin and waxes

A

Fatty substances commonly found the wall of the outer, protective tissues of the plant body. Help reduce water loss from the plant.

46
Q

Cell cycle

A

interphase:
-G1: cell doubles in size, organelles, enzymes and other molecules increase in number
-S: DNA replicates
-G2: Structures requires for cell division assemble, chromosomes condense, check for chromosome replication abnormalities, and repair of any damage to DNA.

M phase: mitosis and cytokinesis

47
Q

G0 phase

A

Pause in progress around the cell cycle in response to environmental factors like winter dormancy

48
Q

Checkpoints

A

In cell cycle, progression is controlled at crucial position points, near end of G1 and end of G2. At checkpoints, cycle is either stopped, or allowed to move on.

49
Q

Cell plate

A

Initial partition between daughter cells that appears in telophase. Gross outward to fuse with cell wall.

50
Q

Parts of cell wall and function

A

-middle lamella: pectin rich, cements adjacent cells

-primary wall: first layer with primary pit fields, dividing and metabolizing cells.

-secondary wall: interior to primary wall, contains pits, in cells needing strength and water conducting.

-Plasmodesmata: interconnect protoplast of adjacent cells, providing a pathway for substances

51
Q

Plant cell main 2 components

A

Protoplast
Cell wall

52
Q

Parts of a nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleolus

53
Q

Inhibitor of photosynthesis and how to overcome this

A

Glucose and sucrose

Plant makes them into starch instead

54
Q

Nuclear envelope contains

A

Pores that allow for transfer of materials

55
Q

Polysome

A

Multiple ribosomes together

Makes chains of proteins efficiently through translation

56
Q

Parenchyma cells stores _____ and _____ with its vacuoles

A

Water

Starch

Take up big portion for the cell

57
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Primary pit field with Plasmodesmata
-connections between cells cytoplasm directly through the cell walls.

58
Q

How do chloroplasts divide

A

Transverse Binary fission

59
Q

Chloroplasts changing position based on light

A

In dim light, are on top and bottom of cells, but in bright light they move to the sides.

This helps protect from too much damaging UV rays. Move by cytoplasmic streaming.

60
Q

Thylakoid

A

Bunch of membranes on top of each other that separate stroma of chloroplasts from inner chloroplast.

61
Q

Why are Grana in chloroplasts so dense?

A

Contain macromolecules involved in photosynthesis such as photo systems with pigments and ATPases to make ATP.

62
Q

How does cell wall transmit information to the plasma membrane

A

Induction using Phytoalexins

63
Q

Which component of the cell is involved with the synthesis and deposition of lignin

A

Cell wall

64
Q

Polysaccharides in the cell wall

A

-hemicelluloses
-pectins
-Callose

65
Q

Hemicelluloses

A

Component of cell wall
-vary greatly among cell toes and plant taxa
-hydrogen-bonded to microfibrils
-limit extensibility of cell wall

Rigid

66
Q

Pectins

A

Component of cell wall
-primary wall and middle lamella
-cementing
-highly hydrophilic: pliability

Flexibility

67
Q

Callose

A

Component of cell wall
-spirally wound chains of glucose
-siege elements: deposited rapidly upon wounding
-pollen tubes

68
Q

What part of the cell makes the components which make up the cell wall

A

Plasma membrane

69
Q

Primary, secondary and middle lamella

A

Parts of cell wall
-made first
-made second in woody plants and is thicker
-full of pectins and is in between cells

70
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Micelle crystalline structure->cellulose molecule->microfibrils->many microfibrils-> secondary cell wall

71
Q

The secondary wall has how many layers?

A

3

72
Q

Where is cellulose made?

A

Rosette cellulose syntheses within the plasma membrane

Turns UDP-glucose molecules into cellulose microfibrils

Uridine diphosphate glucose

73
Q

Desmotubule

A

Cytoplasmic strands that connect Protoplast of adjoining cells

74
Q

Plant cells have which genomes

A

Nuclear
Mitochondrial
Chloroplast

75
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell doubles in size, organelles, enzymes and other molecules increase in number

76
Q

S phase

A

DNA replicated and associated proteins synthesized; two copies of cells genetic information now exist

77
Q

M phase

A

The two sets of chromosomes are separated (mitosis) and the cell divides (cytokinesis)

78
Q

G2 phase

A

Structures required for cell division begin to assemble; chromosomes begin to condense

79
Q

Amyloplasts contain starch true or false

A

True

80
Q

Grana are stakes of _____ within chloroplasts

A

Thylakoids

81
Q

Which substance makes up more than half of all living matter and more than 90% of the weight of most plant tissue

A

Water

82
Q

The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis was a very important event in the evolution of life because

A

It allowed for the origin and diversification of organism that could use a different biochemical pathway to obtain energy through respiration

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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