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Vascular plants > Secondary Growth > Flashcards

Secondary Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary growth

A

Activity of the two lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium

Increase in thickness of girth of a plant

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2
Q

Annuals

A

Entire life from seed to vegetative plant to flowering plants to see occurs in a single growing season

-seeds connect generations
-semelparous: single reproductive event

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3
Q

Biennials

A

Winter Annuals with life cycles

Live for 2 growing seasons
-semelparous

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4
Q

Perennials

A

Plants that live year and year (more than 2 seasons
-Iteroparous

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5
Q

Cork

A

One of 3 parts of the periderm: it is a secondary tissue that replaces the epidermis in most woody roots and stems.

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6
Q

Bark

A

All tissues outside the vascular cambium including the periderm when present

And the end of first years growth, the bark includes any primary tissues still present, the secondary phloem, the periderm and any dead tissues remaining outside the periderm

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7
Q

Hardwood vs softwood

A

Angiosperm woods
-structure more complex
-vessel elements, tracheids, fibres and parenchyma cells
-large rays

Conifer woods
-simpler structure
-lack of vessels
-less parenchyma (only parenchymous cells are associated with resin ducts)
-tracheids make up most

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8
Q

Bark consists of all tissues outside the _____

A

Vascular cambium

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9
Q

Wood is _____

A

Secondary xylem

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10
Q

Growth rings result from the periodic activity of the _____

A

Vascular cambium

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11
Q

Herbaceous plants

A

Undergo little or no secondary growth
-temperate regions
-either entire plant or part of the shoot lives 1 season

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12
Q

Woody plants

A

Plants whose shoot undergo secondary growth
-shrubs and trees
-love more than 1 year

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13
Q

Which plants have secondary growth

A

Perennials-Woody

Very few herbaceous from annuals and biennials

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14
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Meristematic cells
-highly vacuolated
-two initial forms: fusiform and ray

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15
Q

Fusiform initials

A

Vertically oriented
More long than wide
Appear flattened or brick shaped in transverse sections

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16
Q

Ray initials

A

Horizontally oriented
Slightly elongated

17
Q

Effect of secondary growth on stem

A

Formation of cylinder of secondary vascular tissues
-included rays: extend radially
-more secondary xylem than phloem produced
-primary phloem pushed outward: thin walled cells destroyed; phloem fibers persist

18
Q

Closer to vascular cambium means

A

More alive

19
Q

When are xylem larger, and when are they smaller

A

Larger at beginning of next years growth, smaller as year goes on

20
Q

Periderm

A

Replaces epidermis - protective

Consists of 3 parts:
-Phellem or cork
-phellogen
-phelloderm

21
Q

Phellem

A

Or cork

Outer protective tissue

22
Q

Phellogen

A

Cork cambium

Lateral meristem

23
Q

Phelloderm

A

Similar to cortical parenchyma, formed towards inside of stem

24
Q

Lenticels

A

Portions of the periderm with numerous intercellular spaces
-allow for gas exchange through periderm
-present on fruits

25
Q

What type of division occurs in cork, xylem and phloem

A

Periclinal
-parallel to old cell walls

26
Q

Bark

A

All tissues outside the vascular cambium

27
Q

Outer bark

A

Everything outside the innermost phellogen (Cork cambium)

28
Q

Inner bark

A

The tissues between the vascular cambium and the innermost phellogen (cork cambium)
-includes conducting phloem: living sieve tube elements, active in transport And non-conducting phloem: dead sieve tube elements, live parenchyma cells (rays and axial parenchyma)

29
Q

Study of tree rings

A

Dendrochronology

30
Q

Wood

A

Accumulated secondary xylem

31
Q

Hardwoods vs. Softwoods

A

Hardwoods-angiosperms

Softwoods-conifers: lack vessels

32
Q

Growth rings

A

Periodic activity of vascular cambium

33
Q

Annual rings

A

If growth coincides with one year
-false:due to environmental conditions that alter growth rates

34
Q

Early woods vs. Late woods

A

Less dense (wider cells, thinner walls)

More dense

35
Q

Heartwood

A

-as wood dries, oils, gums, resins, tannins infiltrate it
-add colour and smell
-non conducting

36
Q

Sapwood

A

Live conducting xylem

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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