Seedless vascular plants

Question 1

Viridiplantae

Answer 1

A monophyletic clade that includes green algae and plants

Otherwise green algae form paraphyletic group

Question 2

Bryophyte dominant life stage

Answer 2

Gametophyte
-free living
-dominant

Question 3

Vascular plants dominant life stage

Answer 3

-sporophyte

Gametophyte is small and dependent on sporophyte

Question 4

Zygotes meiosis

Answer 4

Zygote-meiosis-haploid cells-haploid individual-gametes-zygote

Little diploid phase

Question 5

Gametic meiosis

Answer 5

Zygote-diploid individual-meiosis-4 gametes-fertilization

Less haploid phase

Question 6

Sporic meiosis

Answer 6

zygote-diploid individual-meiosis-spores-haploid individual-gametes-fertilization

-2 multicellular adult forms and spores

Question 7

Extinct Phyla of SVP have which characteristics

Answer 7

-simple structure
-no roots or leaves
-stem: vertical, dichotomous branching, photosynthetic
-rhizomes
-sporangia

Question 8

Rhyniophyta characteristics

Answer 8

-extinct SVP
-terminal sporangia
-sporangia open on one side
-xylem cells matured first in the enter of the stems
-fertile stems sometimes shorter than sterile stems

Question 9

Zosterophyllophyta characteristics

Answer 9

-extinct SVP
-sporangia terminal on short lateral branches at top of major stems
-sporangia open at top
-xylem matured centripetal (same as lycophyta)

Question 10

Trimerophytophyta characteristics

Answer 10

-extinct SVP
-complex branching
-extensive overtopping (one of the branches keeps growing more than the rest): central branch with many short branches with terminal sporangia

Question 11

When were SVP the dominant plant species

Answer 11

Carboniferous forest era
362-290 MYA

Question 12

Current SVP characteristics

Answer 12

-independent gametophytes and sporophytes

Gametophytes:
-short lived
-much smaller than sporophyte

Sporophytes:
-Homosporous
-heterosporous: produce unisexual sporangia (rare in SVP)

Question 13

Heterosporous species produce what type of spores

Answer 13

Megaspores -become Megagametophyte
Microspores - become microgametophyte

Question 14

What are leaves

Answer 14

-vascularization
-determinant growth
-bilateral symmetry
-defined arrangement (phyllotaxy)

Question 15

Microphylls

Vs

Megaphylls

Answer 15

-small
-singular vascular trace
-no leaf gap
-sporangia phyllotaxy

-variable size
-highly branched vascularization
-leaf gaps
-ferns, seed plants

Question 16

Telome theory of microphyll evolution

Answer 16

Microphylls evolved as a result of the reduction of existing telomes

Question 17

Megaphyll confusion

Answer 17

Megaphylls are not homologous between species

Question 18

Three orders of Lycopodiophyta

Answer 18

Lycopodiales
Selaginellales
Isoetales

All eusporangiate

Question 19

Lycopodiales sporophyte characteristics

Answer 19

-400 species
-mostly tropical, temperature, epiphytic
-sporophytes (club mosses)
-branching rhizomes (photosynthetic)
-Sporophylls spirally arranged
-sporangia on adaxial surface of Sporophylls
-strobili: grouped Sporophylls
-Homosporous

Question 20

Lycopodiales gametophyte characteristics

Answer 20

-bisexual
-may take 6-15 years to mature
-green, irregularly lobbed masses
-subterranean, non photosynthetic, mocrorrhizal

Question 21

What type of Lycopodiophyta does not have strobilus

Answer 21

Huperzia lucidula

Question 22

Selaginellales sporophyte characteristics

Answer 22

-750 species
-tropical, deserts, epiphytic
-spike mosses
-ligule: basal, adaxial on microphylls
-sporangia on adaxial surface of Sporophylls
-hererosporous—> unisexual gametophytes
-megasporophylls
-microsporophylls

Question 23

Selaginellales gametophyte characteristics

Answer 23

-endosporic development (inside spore wall)
-non photosynthetic (except some females)
-biflagellate sperm

Question 24

Isoetales sporophyte characteristics

Answer 24

-150 species
-closely related to lycophyte from Carboniferous
-aquatic or seasonally submerged
-sporophytes called quillworts
-expanded from, roots, microphylls
-vascular cambium
-heterosporous, adaxial sporangia
-some without stomata, use CAM, carbon from sediment

Question 25

Fern orders

Are they eusporangiate or leptosporangiate

Answer 25

Eusporangiate
-Ophioglossales
-Marattiales
-Psilotales
-Equisetales

Leptosporangiate
-polypodiopside (filicales)
-salviniales (water ferns)

Question 26

Eusporangium

Vs

Leptosporangium

Answer 26

-many initials, 2 walls, more spores, no annulus

-1 initial, internal cell (mother cell of all sporangeous tissues), stalk, 1 wall, fewer spores, spring mechanism

Question 27

Characterisitcis of leptosporangiate ferns

Answer 27

-12,000 species
-mostly tropical
-vines, epiphytes, “trees”
-megaphylls

Sporophyte
-sporangia on stalls, surrounded by annulus
-Homosporous (except water ferns)=bisexual
-fronds, pinnae, rachis, fiddleheads
-separate sterile and fertile fronds
-sporangia in grips (sori)
-sori are naked or covered (Indusium, false Indusium)

Question 28

False Indusium

Answer 28

Rolling of leaf edge

Question 29

Rachis

Answer 29

Main vein of frond

Question 30

Equisetales sporophyte characteristics

Answer 30

-hollow, jointed stem
-whirls of microphylls at nodes
-silica in epidermal cells of leaves
-sporangia on sporangiophore
-sporangiophores in strobili

Question 31

Equisetales gametophyte characterisitcs

Answer 31

-sores wrapped in elaters
-independent (free living), photosynthetic, bisexual (male and female)

Question 32

Canals in equisetum

Answer 32

-vallecular canal
-carinal canal

Question 33

Psilotales sporophyte characteristics

Answer 33

-lack true roots, very reduced leaves: enations
-branched rhizome with endomycorrhizae
-Homosporous
-sporangia in groups of 3=synangia

Question 34

Psilotales gametophyte characteristics

Answer 34

-bisexual
-also mycorrhizal
-multiflagellate sperm