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Vascular plants > Early development and Plant Tissues > Flashcards

Early development and Plant Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Embryogenesis

A

Formation of the embryo
-first two stages of seed development
-stable she’s plant body plant

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2
Q

Areas of the plant embryo is in what patterns

A

Apical-basal pattern
-chalazel end->embryo
-micropilar end->suspensor

Radical pattern-concentrically arranged tissue

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3
Q

What two areas is the embryo divided into

A

Embryo proper with Protoderm

Suspensor (attach embryo to mother)

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4
Q

Micropyler

A

Only opening to seed

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5
Q

Pericarp

A

Mature ovary wall of grasses

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6
Q

Monocot and dicot number of cotyledons

A

1 and 2

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7
Q

Procambium is the Origin of what tissue

A

Vascular

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8
Q

Endosperm role in seed

A

Consumed for starch

Nutrients transferred to cotyledons to be early storage organs

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9
Q

Stages of embryo

A

2 cell stage

6 cell proembryo

Globular stage (proceeds cotyledon development)

Heart stage (in eudicots)

Torpedo stage

Mature embryo

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10
Q

Maturation phase

A

Massive build up of food reserves
-starch
-storage proteins
-oils

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11
Q

Desiccation

A

Loss of 90% or more water content
-hardening of seed coat
-metabolism decreases
-dormant or quiescent

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12
Q

Germination and processes of it

A

Resumption of growth of the embryo requiring:
-water
-oxygen
-temperature
-imbibing of water
-activation of enzymes already present in seed
-glucose breakdown (anaerobic early, aerobic when seed coat is ruptured)

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13
Q

When seeds germinate in which ways can they do so?

A

Epigeous- cotyledons above ground, hypocotyl elongates

Hypogeous-cotyledons underground, hypocotyl does not elongate

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14
Q

The seed contains what

A

Embryo, stored food, seed coat

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15
Q

Before the embryo proper and suspensor have been established, what is the developing embryo referred to as?

A

Proembryo

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16
Q

Apical meristems

A

Tips of roots and shorts that consist of cells that are capable of repeated division.

Involved in elongation of plant

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17
Q

The suspensor is short lived and undergoes programmed cell death at the same time as which stage of development

A

Torpedo

Therefore not present in the mature seed

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18
Q

Plumule

A

The first bud of an embryo; the portion of the young shoot above the cotyledons

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19
Q

Epicotyl

Hypocotyl

Radical

A

The upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the point of insertion of the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf or leaves.

The portion of an embryo or seedling situated between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the radicle.

The embryonic root

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20
Q

Hilum

A

Scar left on the seed coat after the seed has separated from its stalk or funiculus.

Commonly associated with the micropyle

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21
Q

During early germination, glucose breakdown may be entirely _____ but as soon as the seed coat is ruptured, the seed switches to an _____ pathway

A

Anaerobic

Aerobic

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22
Q

Minimum, maximum and optimum germination temperatures

A

Min: 0-5°c

Max: 45-49°c

Optimum: 25-30°c

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23
Q

Plant hormones for germination and dormancy

A

Abscisic acid promotes dormancy

Gibberellic acid promoted germination

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24
Q

Apical meristems and derivatives purpose

A

Growth, morphogenesis and differentiation

Growth:irreversible increase in size including cell division and cell enlargement

Morphogenesis: assuming a particular shape expansion followed by cell division

Differentiation: cells with identical genetic information become different from one another and the meristematic cells that generated them

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25
Q

Apical meristem differentiation pathways

A

Apical meristems produce:

Primary meristems:
-Protoderm
-ground meristems
-Procambium

Which produce primary tissues systems:
-dermal
-ground
-vascular

26
Q

Basic types of plant cells

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

27
Q

Meristems

A

Groups of undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more undifferentiated cells
-initials
-derivatives (first step of differentiation)

28
Q

Parenchyma

A

-most common type of plant cell
-general function is filling
-alive at maturity
-least specialized
-thing cell walls
-no secondary cell wall
-inexpensive
-chlorenchyma
-storage of food and water

Found in stems, leaves, seeds, fruits

29
Q

Collenchyma

A

-flexible support cells with resistance to wind
-elongated, various shapes
-alive at maturity
-turgid -> support
-no secondary cell wall
-primary cell wall unevenly thickened
-found beneath epidermis in stems and petioles, and bordering veins in eudicots

30
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

-rigid support
-secondary cell wall lignified
-dead at maturity
-expensive
-has fibers and sclereids

31
Q

Sclerenchyma fibers and sclereids

A

Fibers:
-elongated
-thick secondary cell wall
-flexible, strong in groups
-storage and support
-associated with xylem and phloem

Sclereids:
-various shapes
-hardness-seeds “stones”
-protective function
-found throughout plant

32
Q

Tissue systems and their main parts of plants

A

Dermal:
-epidermis
-periderm

Ground:
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-sclerenchyma

Vascular:
-xylem
-phloem

33
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer protective layer
-one cell thick
-most cells are relatively unspecialized
-cuticle of Cutin and waxes to prevent water loss
-aeration with stomata
-contains guard cells, trichomes and other specialized cells

34
Q

Leaf epidermis is involved in ______ which in involved in circadian leaf movement and photo periodic induction of flowering

A

Light perception

35
Q

Specialized dermal cells

A

-guard cells
-trichomes
-root hairs

36
Q

Epidermis of a eudicot and monocot

A

Eudicot-stomata randomly placed in epidermis

Monocot-stomata in brick like fashion

37
Q

Leaf epidermis is ______ to let light in

A

Translucent

38
Q

Trichomes

A

Plant hairs

Functions:
-absorption: root hairs
-temperature regulation
-reflective
-reduce rate of water loss by creating a boundary layer to reduce gradient
-defensive: sharp, rigid

39
Q

Trichomes can be the main area of ______ production

A

Secondary metabolites

40
Q

Cotton puffs are examples of

A

Trichomes

41
Q

Xylem

A

-hollow dead cells
-thick lignified cell walls
-primary from Procambium
-secondary from vascular cambium
-includes tracheids and vessels

Function: transport of water and mineral nutrients from roots. And support

42
Q

Wood is formed from the accumulation of

A

Secondary xylem

43
Q

Tracheids

A

-tapered ends that overlap
-pits (interruption of secondary wall)
-dead when functional
-lack perforations

Part of xylem

Chief water-conducting element of gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants; and some angiosperms

44
Q

Vessels

A

Part of xylem

-much wider
-perforated plates
-dead when functional
-more efficient water conducting

Chief water-conducting element in angiosperms and gnetales

45
Q

Periderm

A

Replaces epidermis as protective tissue in roots and stems; aeration of internal tissue via lenticels. In secondary growth

Cork cells, cork cambium, parenchyma-like cells

46
Q

Sieve cell

A

Part of phloem
-food-conducting element in gymnosperms!!!!
-elongated and tapering shape
-alive at maturity
-no nucleus at maturity
-sieve areas (pores)

47
Q

Albuminous cell

A

Part of phloem; specialized parenchyma believed to play a role in the delivery of substances to the sieve cell; including information molecules and ATP.

-elongated shape
-alive at maturity
-gymnosperms
-has lots of Plasmodesmata

Similar to
Companion cells of angiosperms

48
Q

Sieve-tube element/ members

A

Part of phloem
-food-conducting element in angiosperms!!!!
-elongated shapes
-alive at maturity

49
Q

Companion cell

A

Part of phloem; believed to play a role in the delivery of substances to the sieve tube element including information molecules and ATP
-alive at maturity
-specialized parenchyma cell

50
Q

Simple and complex tissues with examples

A

Tissues composed of only one type of cell-parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Tissues composed of more then one type of cell-xylem, phloem, epidermis and periderm

51
Q

Xylem derives from the ________

During secondary growth, the xylem is derived from the ______

A

Procambium

Vascular cambium

52
Q

What substances are transported in phloem

A

-sugars
-amino acids
-lipids
-micronutrients
-hormones
-floral stimulus
-proteins
-RNA

53
Q

Xylem characteristics

A

-hollow, dead cells
-thick, lignified cell walls
-primary from Procambium, secondary from vascular cambium
-tracheids and or vessels

54
Q

Wood is made up of

A

Secondary xylem

55
Q

Phloem characteristics

A

-transport of photosynthates: amino acids, sucrose, hormones
-located on outside of stems and roots
-made of fibers and parenchyma

56
Q

Sieve plate

A

Larger openings in sieve tube meme era of angiosperms

57
Q

Callose plugs

A

Stain dark and appear on injury of plant.

Similar function to torus

58
Q

Torus

A

Membrane of bordered pits that blocks substances from moving to the next tracheid.

-prevent embolism: bubble of air in vessel

59
Q

P protein

A

Stains with Callose upon injury
-not known function although appears to be related to wounding around amino acids

60
Q

Ground tissue

A

Or fundamental tissue
-parenchyma
-Schlerenchyma
-collenchyma

Found in cortex or pith

Photosynthesis and storage function

61
Q

Dermal tissue

A

-epidermis: outer protective layer, one cell thick
-fatty Cutin layer in cuticle
-each layer sometimes

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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