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Early development and Plant Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Embryogenesis

A

Formation of the embryo
-first two stages of seed development
-stable she’s plant body plant

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2
Q

Areas of the plant embryo is in what patterns

A

Apical-basal pattern
-chalazel end->embryo
-micropilar end->suspensor

Radical pattern-concentrically arranged tissue

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3
Q

What two areas is the embryo divided into

A

Embryo proper with Protoderm

Suspensor (attach embryo to mother)

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4
Q

Micropyler

A

Only opening to seed

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5
Q

Pericarp

A

Mature ovary wall of grasses

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6
Q

Monocot and dicot number of cotyledons

A

1 and 2

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7
Q

Procambium is the Origin of what tissue

A

Vascular

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8
Q

Endosperm role in seed

A

Consumed for starch

Nutrients transferred to cotyledons to be early storage organs

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9
Q

Stages of embryo

A

2 cell stage

6 cell proembryo

Globular stage (proceeds cotyledon development)

Heart stage (in eudicots)

Torpedo stage

Mature embryo

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10
Q

Maturation phase

A

Massive build up of food reserves
-starch
-storage proteins
-oils

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11
Q

Desiccation

A

Loss of 90% or more water content
-hardening of seed coat
-metabolism decreases
-dormant or quiescent

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12
Q

Germination and processes of it

A

Resumption of growth of the embryo requiring:
-water
-oxygen
-temperature
-imbibing of water
-activation of enzymes already present in seed
-glucose breakdown (anaerobic early, aerobic when seed coat is ruptured)

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13
Q

When seeds germinate in which ways can they do so?

A

Epigeous- cotyledons above ground, hypocotyl elongates

Hypogeous-cotyledons underground, hypocotyl does not elongate

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14
Q

The seed contains what

A

Embryo, stored food, seed coat

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15
Q

Before the embryo proper and suspensor have been established, what is the developing embryo referred to as?

A

Proembryo

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16
Q

Apical meristems

A

Tips of roots and shorts that consist of cells that are capable of repeated division.

Involved in elongation of plant

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17
Q

The suspensor is short lived and undergoes programmed cell death at the same time as which stage of development

A

Torpedo

Therefore not present in the mature seed

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18
Q

Plumule

A

The first bud of an embryo; the portion of the young shoot above the cotyledons

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19
Q

Epicotyl

Hypocotyl

Radical

A

The upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the point of insertion of the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf or leaves.

The portion of an embryo or seedling situated between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the radicle.

The embryonic root

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20
Q

Hilum

A

Scar left on the seed coat after the seed has separated from its stalk or funiculus.

Commonly associated with the micropyle

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21
Q

During early germination, glucose breakdown may be entirely _____ but as soon as the seed coat is ruptured, the seed switches to an _____ pathway

A

Anaerobic

Aerobic

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22
Q

Minimum, maximum and optimum germination temperatures

A

Min: 0-5°c

Max: 45-49°c

Optimum: 25-30°c

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23
Q

Plant hormones for germination and dormancy

A

Abscisic acid promotes dormancy

Gibberellic acid promoted germination

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24
Q

Apical meristems and derivatives purpose

A

Growth, morphogenesis and differentiation

Growth:irreversible increase in size including cell division and cell enlargement

Morphogenesis: assuming a particular shape expansion followed by cell division

Differentiation: cells with identical genetic information become different from one another and the meristematic cells that generated them

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25
Apical meristem differentiation pathways
Apical meristems produce: Primary meristems: -Protoderm -ground meristems -Procambium Which produce primary tissues systems: -dermal -ground -vascular
26
Basic types of plant cells
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
27
Meristems
Groups of undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more undifferentiated cells -initials -derivatives (first step of differentiation)
28
Parenchyma
-most common type of plant cell -general function is filling -alive at maturity -least specialized -thing cell walls -no secondary cell wall -inexpensive -chlorenchyma -storage of food and water Found in stems, leaves, seeds, fruits
29
Collenchyma
-flexible support cells with resistance to wind -elongated, various shapes -alive at maturity -turgid -> support -no secondary cell wall -primary cell wall unevenly thickened -found beneath epidermis in stems and petioles, and bordering veins in eudicots
30
Sclerenchyma
-rigid support -secondary cell wall lignified -dead at maturity -expensive -has fibers and sclereids
31
Sclerenchyma fibers and sclereids
Fibers: -elongated -thick secondary cell wall -flexible, strong in groups -storage and support -associated with xylem and phloem Sclereids: -various shapes -hardness-seeds “stones” -protective function -found throughout plant
32
Tissue systems and their main parts of plants
Dermal: -epidermis -periderm Ground: -parenchyma -collenchyma -sclerenchyma Vascular: -xylem -phloem
33
Epidermis
Outer protective layer -one cell thick -most cells are relatively unspecialized -cuticle of Cutin and waxes to prevent water loss -aeration with stomata -contains guard cells, trichomes and other specialized cells
34
Leaf epidermis is involved in ______ which in involved in circadian leaf movement and photo periodic induction of flowering
Light perception
35
Specialized dermal cells
-guard cells -trichomes -root hairs
36
Epidermis of a eudicot and monocot
Eudicot-stomata randomly placed in epidermis Monocot-stomata in brick like fashion
37
Leaf epidermis is ______ to let light in
Translucent
38
Trichomes
Plant hairs Functions: -absorption: root hairs -temperature regulation -reflective -reduce rate of water loss by creating a boundary layer to reduce gradient -defensive: sharp, rigid
39
Trichomes can be the main area of ______ production
Secondary metabolites
40
Cotton puffs are examples of
Trichomes
41
Xylem
-hollow dead cells -thick lignified cell walls -primary from Procambium -secondary from vascular cambium -includes tracheids and vessels Function: transport of water and mineral nutrients from roots. And support
42
Wood is formed from the accumulation of
Secondary xylem
43
Tracheids
-tapered ends that overlap -pits (interruption of secondary wall) -dead when functional -lack perforations Part of xylem Chief water-conducting element of gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants; and some angiosperms
44
Vessels
Part of xylem -much wider -perforated plates -dead when functional -more efficient water conducting Chief water-conducting element in angiosperms and gnetales
45
Periderm
Replaces epidermis as protective tissue in roots and stems; aeration of internal tissue via lenticels. In secondary growth Cork cells, cork cambium, parenchyma-like cells
46
Sieve cell
Part of phloem -food-conducting element in gymnosperms!!!! -elongated and tapering shape -alive at maturity -no nucleus at maturity -sieve areas (pores)
47
Albuminous cell
Part of phloem; specialized parenchyma believed to play a role in the delivery of substances to the sieve cell; including information molecules and ATP. -elongated shape -alive at maturity -gymnosperms -has lots of Plasmodesmata Similar to Companion cells of angiosperms
48
Sieve-tube element/ members
Part of phloem -food-conducting element in angiosperms!!!! -elongated shapes -alive at maturity
49
Companion cell
Part of phloem; believed to play a role in the delivery of substances to the sieve tube element including information molecules and ATP -alive at maturity -specialized parenchyma cell
50
Simple and complex tissues with examples
Tissues composed of only one type of cell-parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma Tissues composed of more then one type of cell-xylem, phloem, epidermis and periderm
51
Xylem derives from the ________ During secondary growth, the xylem is derived from the ______
Procambium Vascular cambium
52
What substances are transported in phloem
-sugars -amino acids -lipids -micronutrients -hormones -floral stimulus -proteins -RNA
53
Xylem characteristics
-hollow, dead cells -thick, lignified cell walls -primary from Procambium, secondary from vascular cambium -tracheids and or vessels
54
Wood is made up of
Secondary xylem
55
Phloem characteristics
-transport of photosynthates: amino acids, sucrose, hormones -located on outside of stems and roots -made of fibers and parenchyma
56
Sieve plate
Larger openings in sieve tube meme era of angiosperms
57
Callose plugs
Stain dark and appear on injury of plant. Similar function to torus
58
Torus
Membrane of bordered pits that blocks substances from moving to the next tracheid. -prevent embolism: bubble of air in vessel
59
P protein
Stains with Callose upon injury -not known function although appears to be related to wounding around amino acids
60
Ground tissue
Or fundamental tissue -parenchyma -Schlerenchyma -collenchyma Found in cortex or pith Photosynthesis and storage function
61
Dermal tissue
-epidermis: outer protective layer, one cell thick -fatty Cutin layer in cuticle -each layer sometimes

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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