Systematics

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

Scientific study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history
-catalogue names of all life
-discover relationships
-classify species hierarchically

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

Study of classifications, naming, and identifying
-naming and classifying organisms
-coinded by de candolle

Question 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 3

Goal was to name and classify all plants, animals and minerals
-origin of biological nomenclature
-binomial nomenclature

Question 4

Parts of binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

-Genus (capitalized)
-species (not capitalized)
-may have authors last name at end

UNDERLINED OR ITALICIZED

Question 5

ICBN

Answer 5

International Code of botanical nomenclature

-provide rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature
-rules are required, recommendations strongly suggested
-name new taxa
-revise old taxa

Question 6

Taxon

Answer 6

A particular group of organisms assigned to a categorical rank

Question 7

Anthophyta

Answer 7

Phylum of flowering plants

Question 8

Var

Answer 8

Variety of a species (variation of phenotype)

Question 9

Basionym

Answer 9

Like a synonym

Base from which name originated

Question 10

Type specimens

Answer 10

-the application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclature types

-usually a herbarium species
-comparison of other specimens in determining whether they are of the same species

Question 11

Taxonomic ranks (main)

Answer 11

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 12

Natural classification

Answer 12

Ultimate goal: reveal causes of diversity
-evolutionary history
-evolutionary processes

Question 13

Phylogeny

Answer 13

-evolutionary history or pattern of descent of a group of organisms

Ideally a classification should reflect phylogeny (taxa should be monophyletic)

Question 14

Phylogenic tree

Answer 14

-deposition of genealogical relationships between taxa
-hypothesis (proposed by a particular investigator or group of them)

Question 15

Phylogenetically

Answer 15

Elucidation of the patterns of descent of a group of organisms
-evolutionary history and relationships among taxa

Question 16

Phonetic phylogenetic analysis

Answer 16

Traditional
-intuitive consideration of large number of factors/ traits
-sequence of branching events
-based on investigators opinion largely

Question 17

Cladistics

Answer 17

-focuses on branching between lineages
-identification of monophyletic groups = Clades
-clades defined by shared, derived character states
-comparison with out groups
-produces cladograms: graphical representation of working hypothesis

Question 18

Monophyletic group

Answer 18

A common ancestor and all and only all descendants of the common ancestor

Also known as a Clade

Question 19

Characters used in phylogenetic reconstruction

Answer 19

-morphological
-anatomical
-psyiological
-molecule

Question 20

Paraphyletic group

Answer 20

A group consisting of a common ancestor but not all descendants of that common ancestor

Question 21

Polyphyletic group

Answer 21

A group consisting of the descendants of two or more common ancestors.

-do not have a single recent common ancestor that is part of the group

Question 22

Principle of parsimony

Answer 22

Of two or more competing hypotheses equally plausible, the simplest one is preferred

Ex: cladogram with fewest number of steps is best representation of evolutionary history

-minimizes number of ad hoc hypotheses

Question 23

Homology

Answer 23

Similar due to common ancestry

Question 24

Other causes of similarly between species are called

Answer 24

Homoplasy

Question 25

Homoplasy types

Answer 25

Convergence: independent evolution of a similar feature in 2 or more groups

Reversal: loss of a derived feature with re-establishment of an ancestral feature

Question 26

Are features homologous if they are called the same name?

Answer 26

No-terminology is bias

Question 27

Anemophylous

Answer 27

Pollinated by wind