Anthophyta

Question 1

What are anthophyta plants

Answer 1

Angiosperms=flowering plants

Question 2

How are the anthophyta plants divided up

Answer 2

-200,000 eudicots
-90,000 monocots
-10,000 other

Question 3

What makes anthophyta unique

Answer 3

-double fertilization (embryo and endosperm)
-flowers (ovules enclosed within megasporophylls (carpels))
-fruits
-vessels

Question 4

Habitat diversity of anthopyhyta

Answer 4

-trees
-shrubs
-herbs
-lianas
-vines
-epiphytes

Question 5

Nutrition variation in anthophyta

Answer 5

-autotrophs
-parasitic (holo or hemi)
-myco-heterotrophic: parasitic through mycorrhiza

Question 6

Flower def

Answer 6

Determinate reproductive shoot that bears carpels and or stamens

Question 7

Carpel

Answer 7

-modified Sporophyll containing ovules

Question 8

Ovary

Answer 8

Structure constituted by one or several fused carpels which contains the ovules

Question 9

Ovules become
Ovary’s become

Answer 9

Seeds
Fruits

Question 10

Inflorescence

Answer 10

A flower cluster

Specialized part of the shoot that bears one or several groups of flowers in a particular arrangement

Question 11

Modified leaves of flowers in order they appear from top to bottom

Answer 11

Gynoecium
Androecium
Corolla
Calyx

Question 12

The modified leaves are in which phyllotaxic arrangement

Answer 12

Whorls

Question 13

Connate
Adnate

Answer 13

Similar orange fused together
Dissimilar organs fused together

Question 14

Locule

Answer 14

Space divides in ovary

Number of locales = number of ovaries

Pairs of ovaries are carpels

Question 15

Inflorescence

Answer 15

A flower cluster
Specialized part of the shoot that bears one or several groups of flowers in a particular arrangement

Question 16

A panicle is simiply

Answer 16

A secondary raceme

Question 17

A Catkin is simply a

Answer 17

Hanging raceme

Question 18

Types of placentation

Answer 18

Position of ovules in ovary

Parietal: attached to ovary wall

Axial: attached in Center column but with dividing walls

Free central: attached at the Center with no divisions

Question 19

Level of insertion of perianth

Answer 19

Hypogynous
Perigynous
Epigynous

Question 20

Hypanthium

Answer 20

A cup-shaped extension of the receptacle: sepals, petals and statements fused together to form this structure

Question 21

Floral formula parts

Answer 21

Cycly: number of whorls (uniseriate, Biseriate)
Merosity: number of parts per whirl (trimerous, pentamerous)

K=Calyx
C=Corolla
P=Perianth
A=Androecium
G=Gynoecium
()=connation
[]= less common
Arrow up=zygomorphic
Star=actinomorphic
— above G=inferior ovary
—below G=superior ovary

Question 22

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
-number of cells in pollen grain

Answer 22

2-3

4

Question 23

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Mature microgametophyte number of cells

Answer 23

3 cells (2 sperm)

4 cells (2 sperm)

Question 24

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Time for pollen to reach ovule

Answer 24

Hours-days

Weeks, months, up to year

Question 25

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms Megagametophyte cell number, archegonia and maturity at pollination

Answer 25

7 cells, 8 nuclei No archegonia Mature at pollination 100-1000’s of cells Archegonia Immature at pollination

Question 26

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms Arrangement of micro and mega Sporophylls

Answer 26

Bisexual flowers (75%) No bisexual cones

Question 27

Tapetum role for developing pollen grains

Answer 27

Nourishment

Question 28

What is 1/2 of the anther called

Answer 28

Theca

Question 29

Where are callose plugs found in angiosperm reproduction

Answer 29

Pollen tubes

Question 30

Reduced gametophytes of anthophyta How many nuclei in micro and mega gametophytes

Answer 30

3 8

Question 31

Anthophyta distinct characterisircs

Answer 31

-flowers -double fertilization -reduced gametophytes -stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs -vessels/ vessel elements

Question 32

What are the two hypothesized ancestors of anthophyta

Answer 32

Caytoniales Bennettitales

Question 33

What percentage of anthophyta species are monocots or dicots

Answer 33

97%

Question 34

Evolution of flowers and fruits is due to the convolution with ______ and ______

Answer 34

Pollinators and frugivores

Question 35

Biochemical coevolution

Answer 35

Coevolution with herbivores and pathogens

Question 36

The _____ is central in flowering plant systematics

Answer 36

Family

Question 37

Basal angiosperm 3 clades

Answer 37

Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales

Question 38

Amborellales are monoecious or dioecious?

Answer 38

Dioecious Pistallate and staminate flowers

Question 39

Nymphaeales are also known as

Answer 39

Water lilies

Question 40

Amborellales and austrobaileyales have what interesting characteristic of their stamens?

Answer 40

Long anthers and not much filament

Question 41

Magnoliids defining characteristic

Answer 41

Leaves with oil cells-ethereal oils Scents: nutmeg, pepper, bay leaves

Question 42

Ceratophyllaceae live in what habitat?

Answer 42

Aquatic

Question 43

Is archaefructus the first flower? Why?

Answer 43

Nope, originally dated 145mya, but actually closer to 125mya, which is later than the oldest pollen grains

Question 44

How have carpels and stamens evolved

Answer 44

From an exposed form to a closed form -microsporangia enclosed in anther -ovules enclosed in ovaries

Question 45

Trends in floral specialization

Answer 45

-fusion of floral parts -fewer or reduced floral parts (result of natural selection and artificial breeding) -actinomorphic —-> zygomorphic

Question 46

Early seed plants where pollinated by…

Answer 46

Wind-anemophily Water-hydrophily

Question 47

Pollination by animals is called….

Answer 47

Zoophily -initially by beetles -bees and other insects -mammals (bats) -birds

Question 48

What attracts insects because they are visible in the UV range?

Answer 48

Carotenoids

Question 49

Self pollination advantages and disadvantages

Answer 49

-no expenditure of energy and nutrients producing attractants -produces more uniform progeny that are well adapted to particular habitats -inbreeding -decreased survival and fertility of progeny -reduced variation: potential evolutionary disadvantage in a changing environment

Question 50

Factors that promote outcrossing

Answer 50

Separation of male and female functions -in space: dicliny: unisexual flowers -in time: dichogamy: functional stamens and pistils present on same plant, but reach maturity at different times: protandry, protogyny Self-incompatibility mechanisms