Anthophyta Flashcards
What are anthophyta plants
Angiosperms=flowering plants
How are the anthophyta plants divided up
-200,000 eudicots
-90,000 monocots
-10,000 other
What makes anthophyta unique
-double fertilization (embryo and endosperm)
-flowers (ovules enclosed within megasporophylls (carpels))
-fruits
-vessels
Habitat diversity of anthopyhyta
-trees
-shrubs
-herbs
-lianas
-vines
-epiphytes
Nutrition variation in anthophyta
-autotrophs
-parasitic (holo or hemi)
-myco-heterotrophic: parasitic through mycorrhiza
Flower def
Determinate reproductive shoot that bears carpels and or stamens
Carpel
-modified Sporophyll containing ovules
Ovary
Structure constituted by one or several fused carpels which contains the ovules
Ovules become
Ovary’s become
Seeds
Fruits
Inflorescence
A flower cluster
Specialized part of the shoot that bears one or several groups of flowers in a particular arrangement
Modified leaves of flowers in order they appear from top to bottom
Gynoecium
Androecium
Corolla
Calyx
The modified leaves are in which phyllotaxic arrangement
Whorls
Connate
Adnate
Similar orange fused together
Dissimilar organs fused together
Locule
Space divides in ovary
Number of locales = number of ovaries
Pairs of ovaries are carpels
Inflorescence
A flower cluster
Specialized part of the shoot that bears one or several groups of flowers in a particular arrangement
A panicle is simiply
A secondary raceme
A Catkin is simply a
Hanging raceme
Types of placentation
Position of ovules in ovary
Parietal: attached to ovary wall
Axial: attached in Center column but with dividing walls
Free central: attached at the Center with no divisions
Level of insertion of perianth
Hypogynous
Perigynous
Epigynous
Hypanthium
A cup-shaped extension of the receptacle: sepals, petals and statements fused together to form this structure
Floral formula parts
Cycly: number of whorls (uniseriate, Biseriate)
Merosity: number of parts per whirl (trimerous, pentamerous)
K=Calyx
C=Corolla
P=Perianth
A=Androecium
G=Gynoecium
()=connation
[]= less common
Arrow up=zygomorphic
Star=actinomorphic
— above G=inferior ovary
—below G=superior ovary
Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
-number of cells in pollen grain
2-3
4
Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Mature microgametophyte number of cells
3 cells (2 sperm)
4 cells (2 sperm)
Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Time for pollen to reach ovule
Hours-days
Weeks, months, up to year
Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Megagametophyte cell number, archegonia and maturity at pollination
7 cells, 8 nuclei
No archegonia
Mature at pollination
100-1000’s of cells
Archegonia
Immature at pollination
Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Arrangement of micro and mega Sporophylls
Bisexual flowers (75%)
No bisexual cones
Tapetum role for developing pollen grains
Nourishment
What is 1/2 of the anther called
Theca
Where are callose plugs found in angiosperm reproduction
Pollen tubes
Reduced gametophytes of anthophyta
How many nuclei in micro and mega gametophytes
3
8
Anthophyta distinct characterisircs
-flowers
-double fertilization
-reduced gametophytes
-stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs
-vessels/ vessel elements
What are the two hypothesized ancestors of anthophyta
Caytoniales
Bennettitales
What percentage of anthophyta species are monocots or dicots
97%
Evolution of flowers and fruits is due to the convolution with ______ and ______
Pollinators and frugivores
Biochemical coevolution
Coevolution with herbivores and pathogens
The _____ is central in flowering plant systematics
Family
Basal angiosperm 3 clades
Amborellales
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
Amborellales are monoecious or dioecious?
Dioecious
Pistallate and staminate flowers
Nymphaeales are also known as
Water lilies
Amborellales and austrobaileyales have what interesting characteristic of their stamens?
Long anthers and not much filament
Magnoliids defining characteristic
Leaves with oil cells-ethereal oils
Scents: nutmeg, pepper, bay leaves
Ceratophyllaceae live in what habitat?
Aquatic
Is archaefructus the first flower? Why?
Nope, originally dated 145mya, but actually closer to 125mya, which is later than the oldest pollen grains
How have carpels and stamens evolved
From an exposed form to a closed form
-microsporangia enclosed in anther
-ovules enclosed in ovaries
Trends in floral specialization
-fusion of floral parts
-fewer or reduced floral parts (result of natural selection and artificial breeding)
-actinomorphic —-> zygomorphic
Early seed plants where pollinated by…
Wind-anemophily
Water-hydrophily
Pollination by animals is called….
Zoophily
-initially by beetles
-bees and other insects
-mammals (bats)
-birds
What attracts insects because they are visible in the UV range?
Carotenoids
Self pollination advantages and disadvantages
-no expenditure of energy and nutrients producing attractants
-produces more uniform progeny that are well adapted to particular habitats
-inbreeding
-decreased survival and fertility of progeny
-reduced variation: potential evolutionary disadvantage in a changing environment
Factors that promote outcrossing
Separation of male and female functions
-in space: dicliny: unisexual flowers
-in time: dichogamy: functional stamens and pistils present on same plant, but reach maturity at different times: protandry, protogyny
Self-incompatibility mechanisms
