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Vascular plants > Anthophyta > Flashcards

Anthophyta Flashcards

1
Q

What are anthophyta plants

A

Angiosperms=flowering plants

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2
Q

How are the anthophyta plants divided up

A

-200,000 eudicots
-90,000 monocots
-10,000 other

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3
Q

What makes anthophyta unique

A

-double fertilization (embryo and endosperm)
-flowers (ovules enclosed within megasporophylls (carpels))
-fruits
-vessels

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4
Q

Habitat diversity of anthopyhyta

A

-trees
-shrubs
-herbs
-lianas
-vines
-epiphytes

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5
Q

Nutrition variation in anthophyta

A

-autotrophs
-parasitic (holo or hemi)
-myco-heterotrophic: parasitic through mycorrhiza

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6
Q

Flower def

A

Determinate reproductive shoot that bears carpels and or stamens

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7
Q

Carpel

A

-modified Sporophyll containing ovules

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8
Q

Ovary

A

Structure constituted by one or several fused carpels which contains the ovules

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9
Q

Ovules become
Ovary’s become

A

Seeds
Fruits

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10
Q

Inflorescence

A

A flower cluster

Specialized part of the shoot that bears one or several groups of flowers in a particular arrangement

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11
Q

Modified leaves of flowers in order they appear from top to bottom

A

Gynoecium
Androecium
Corolla
Calyx

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12
Q

The modified leaves are in which phyllotaxic arrangement

A

Whorls

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13
Q

Connate
Adnate

A

Similar orange fused together
Dissimilar organs fused together

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14
Q

Locule

A

Space divides in ovary

Number of locales = number of ovaries

Pairs of ovaries are carpels

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15
Q

Inflorescence

A

A flower cluster
Specialized part of the shoot that bears one or several groups of flowers in a particular arrangement

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16
Q

A panicle is simiply

A

A secondary raceme

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17
Q

A Catkin is simply a

A

Hanging raceme

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18
Q

Types of placentation

A

Position of ovules in ovary

Parietal: attached to ovary wall

Axial: attached in Center column but with dividing walls

Free central: attached at the Center with no divisions

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19
Q

Level of insertion of perianth

A

Hypogynous
Perigynous
Epigynous

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20
Q

Hypanthium

A

A cup-shaped extension of the receptacle: sepals, petals and statements fused together to form this structure

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21
Q

Floral formula parts

A

Cycly: number of whorls (uniseriate, Biseriate)
Merosity: number of parts per whirl (trimerous, pentamerous)

K=Calyx
C=Corolla
P=Perianth
A=Androecium
G=Gynoecium
()=connation
[]= less common
Arrow up=zygomorphic
Star=actinomorphic
— above G=inferior ovary
—below G=superior ovary

22
Q

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
-number of cells in pollen grain

A

2-3

4

23
Q

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Mature microgametophyte number of cells

A

3 cells (2 sperm)

4 cells (2 sperm)

24
Q

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Time for pollen to reach ovule

A

Hours-days

Weeks, months, up to year

25
Q

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Megagametophyte cell number, archegonia and maturity at pollination

A

7 cells, 8 nuclei
No archegonia
Mature at pollination

100-1000’s of cells
Archegonia
Immature at pollination

26
Q

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms
Arrangement of micro and mega Sporophylls

A

Bisexual flowers (75%)

No bisexual cones

27
Q

Tapetum role for developing pollen grains

A

Nourishment

28
Q

What is 1/2 of the anther called

A

Theca

29
Q

Where are callose plugs found in angiosperm reproduction

A

Pollen tubes

30
Q

Reduced gametophytes of anthophyta

How many nuclei in micro and mega gametophytes

A

3
8

31
Q

Anthophyta distinct characterisircs

A

-flowers
-double fertilization
-reduced gametophytes
-stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs
-vessels/ vessel elements

32
Q

What are the two hypothesized ancestors of anthophyta

A

Caytoniales

Bennettitales

33
Q

What percentage of anthophyta species are monocots or dicots

A

97%

34
Q

Evolution of flowers and fruits is due to the convolution with ______ and ______

A

Pollinators and frugivores

35
Q

Biochemical coevolution

A

Coevolution with herbivores and pathogens

36
Q

The _____ is central in flowering plant systematics

A

Family

37
Q

Basal angiosperm 3 clades

A

Amborellales
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales

38
Q

Amborellales are monoecious or dioecious?

A

Dioecious

Pistallate and staminate flowers

39
Q

Nymphaeales are also known as

A

Water lilies

40
Q

Amborellales and austrobaileyales have what interesting characteristic of their stamens?

A

Long anthers and not much filament

41
Q

Magnoliids defining characteristic

A

Leaves with oil cells-ethereal oils

Scents: nutmeg, pepper, bay leaves

42
Q

Ceratophyllaceae live in what habitat?

A

Aquatic

43
Q

Is archaefructus the first flower? Why?

A

Nope, originally dated 145mya, but actually closer to 125mya, which is later than the oldest pollen grains

44
Q

How have carpels and stamens evolved

A

From an exposed form to a closed form

-microsporangia enclosed in anther
-ovules enclosed in ovaries

45
Q

Trends in floral specialization

A

-fusion of floral parts
-fewer or reduced floral parts (result of natural selection and artificial breeding)
-actinomorphic —-> zygomorphic

46
Q

Early seed plants where pollinated by…

A

Wind-anemophily
Water-hydrophily

47
Q

Pollination by animals is called….

A

Zoophily

-initially by beetles
-bees and other insects
-mammals (bats)
-birds

48
Q

What attracts insects because they are visible in the UV range?

A

Carotenoids

49
Q

Self pollination advantages and disadvantages

A

-no expenditure of energy and nutrients producing attractants
-produces more uniform progeny that are well adapted to particular habitats

-inbreeding
-decreased survival and fertility of progeny
-reduced variation: potential evolutionary disadvantage in a changing environment

50
Q

Factors that promote outcrossing

A

Separation of male and female functions
-in space: dicliny: unisexual flowers
-in time: dichogamy: functional stamens and pistils present on same plant, but reach maturity at different times: protandry, protogyny

Self-incompatibility mechanisms

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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