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Vascular plants > Gymnosperms > Flashcards

Gymnosperms Flashcards

1
Q

How many species of gymnosperms are there compared to angiosperms

A

1500
300,000

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2
Q

Seeds

A

Mature, fertilized ovule that contains and embryo

An embryonic plants that had its food supply encapsulated in a protective coat

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3
Q

Adaptations of seeds

A

-survive extended periods of drought and cold
-embryo protected from fungi or bacteria
-dispersal
-food supply:head start

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4
Q

Ovule

A

Megasporangium surrounded by integument

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5
Q

Evolution of ovules

A

-retention of megaspores within megasporangium: fleshy, nucellus
-reduction in the number to one megasporcyte
-survival of one megaspore
-formation of female gametophyte within megaspore (endospory)
-development of embryo within female gametophyte within mega sporangium
-integument completely envelopes megasporangium except for micropyle
-apex of megasporangium modified to receive microspores

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6
Q

Start at mega and microsporangium to egg and sperm cells

A

Megasporangium -> mega sporocyte-> meiosis->megaspore-> mitosis->Megagametophyte->archegonia-> egg cells

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7
Q

Characterisitcs of seed plants

A

-reduction of gametophytes (protected and nourished by sporophyte)
-sperm delivered to egg by pollen tube
-fertilization is independent of water
-non-flagellated sperm (except cycads and ginkgo)
-non hollow pollen tube
-bifacial vascular cambium (secondary growth)

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8
Q

Seeds of gymnosperms

A

-formed on surface of Sporophylls
-exposed
-result from single fertilization of egg cells by sperm
-developing embryo nourished by nucellus
-Megagametophyte tissues develop at the expense of the nucellus (megasporangium)

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9
Q

Progymnosperms

A

-did not produce seeds
-wood
-some are heterosporous

Ex: archaeophytales, aneurophytales

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10
Q

Pteridosperms

A

Seeds ferns
-ancestors to cycads
-ovules protected by integument-variation

-may be ancestor to bennettitales

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11
Q

Microgametophyte of pinus development

A

Microspore -> first prothallial cell and meristematic initial

Meristematic initial->second prothallial cell and antheridial initial

Antheridial initial->tube cell and generative cell

Generative cell->sterile cell and spermatogenous cell

Spermatogenous cell->2 make gametophytes

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12
Q

How many archegonia are within the ovule?

A

2-only one’s egg gets fertilized

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13
Q

Synonym for nucellus

A

Megaspornagium

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14
Q

What phyla has most diversity in gymnosperms

A

Coniferophyta

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15
Q

Habitat of gymnosperms

A

-long cold and dry seasons
-mostly northern hemispheres
-higher elevations

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16
Q

Characteristics of gymnosperms

A

-no vessels
-simple, narrow, reduces stomata leaves with hypodermics, and transfusion tissue, cuticle on epidermis

17
Q

Why don’t coniferophyta have vessels

A

-vessels lead to freezing damage

18
Q

Sporophylls of coniferophyta are where

A

In cones (mega and micro strobili)

19
Q

Are conifers monoecious or dioecious

A

Monoecious

20
Q

Megastrobili of conifers vary in which ways

A

-aril (fleshy covering of seed)
-cones (scale covering)

21
Q

Deciduous species of conifers

A

Larch, dawn redwood, taxodium

22
Q

Transfusion tissue

A

In endodermis and surrounds vascular bundles in conifers

Prevent water loss, prevent freezing

23
Q

Resin canals purpose

A

Anti herbivory secondary metabolites that is sticky

24
Q

Cycadophyta leaves

A

-compound, frond like leaves

Very rigid

25
Q

Who has larger cones..conifers or cycads

A

Cycads

26
Q

Pollination of cycads

A

Beetles

27
Q

Do cycads have sperm or pollen tubes

A

Both!

28
Q

Are cycads monoecious or dioecious

A

Dioecious

29
Q

Ginkgophyta only species

A

Ginkgo biloba
Maiden hair tree

30
Q

Leaves of ginkgos

A

Bilobed and fan like

31
Q

Are the seeds of ginkgos in cones or arils

A

Arils-fleshy

32
Q

Pollen tube or flagella for ginkgos

A

Both

33
Q

Pollen tube specialization in ginkgos

A

Pollen tube haustoria; release sperm near egg but still need to swim a bit after

34
Q

Gnetophyra genera

A

Ephedra
Gnetum
Welwitschia

35
Q

Angiosperms features of gentophyta

A

-vessels
-double fertilization (W, G)
-no archegonia (W, G)

36
Q

Ephedra characteristics

A

-desert
-mostly stems
-small leaves at nodes
-profuse branching
-double fertilization

37
Q

Gnetum characteristics

A

-double fertilization
-tropics
-broad, leathery leaves

38
Q

Welwitschia characteristics

A

-coastal deserts
-underground stem
-2 large leaves split up

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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