Gymnosperms Flashcards

1
Q

How many species of gymnosperms are there compared to angiosperms

A

1500
300,000

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2
Q

Seeds

A

Mature, fertilized ovule that contains and embryo

An embryonic plants that had its food supply encapsulated in a protective coat

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3
Q

Adaptations of seeds

A

-survive extended periods of drought and cold
-embryo protected from fungi or bacteria
-dispersal
-food supply:head start

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4
Q

Ovule

A

Megasporangium surrounded by integument

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5
Q

Evolution of ovules

A

-retention of megaspores within megasporangium: fleshy, nucellus
-reduction in the number to one megasporcyte
-survival of one megaspore
-formation of female gametophyte within megaspore (endospory)
-development of embryo within female gametophyte within mega sporangium
-integument completely envelopes megasporangium except for micropyle
-apex of megasporangium modified to receive microspores

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6
Q

Start at mega and microsporangium to egg and sperm cells

A

Megasporangium -> mega sporocyte-> meiosis->megaspore-> mitosis->Megagametophyte->archegonia-> egg cells

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7
Q

Characterisitcs of seed plants

A

-reduction of gametophytes (protected and nourished by sporophyte)
-sperm delivered to egg by pollen tube
-fertilization is independent of water
-non-flagellated sperm (except cycads and ginkgo)
-non hollow pollen tube
-bifacial vascular cambium (secondary growth)

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8
Q

Seeds of gymnosperms

A

-formed on surface of Sporophylls
-exposed
-result from single fertilization of egg cells by sperm
-developing embryo nourished by nucellus
-Megagametophyte tissues develop at the expense of the nucellus (megasporangium)

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9
Q

Progymnosperms

A

-did not produce seeds
-wood
-some are heterosporous

Ex: archaeophytales, aneurophytales

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10
Q

Pteridosperms

A

Seeds ferns
-ancestors to cycads
-ovules protected by integument-variation

-may be ancestor to bennettitales

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11
Q

Microgametophyte of pinus development

A

Microspore -> first prothallial cell and meristematic initial

Meristematic initial->second prothallial cell and antheridial initial

Antheridial initial->tube cell and generative cell

Generative cell->sterile cell and spermatogenous cell

Spermatogenous cell->2 make gametophytes

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12
Q

How many archegonia are within the ovule?

A

2-only one’s egg gets fertilized

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13
Q

Synonym for nucellus

A

Megaspornagium

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14
Q

What phyla has most diversity in gymnosperms

A

Coniferophyta

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15
Q

Habitat of gymnosperms

A

-long cold and dry seasons
-mostly northern hemispheres
-higher elevations

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16
Q

Characteristics of gymnosperms

A

-no vessels
-simple, narrow, reduces stomata leaves with hypodermics, and transfusion tissue, cuticle on epidermis

17
Q

Why don’t coniferophyta have vessels

A

-vessels lead to freezing damage

18
Q

Sporophylls of coniferophyta are where

A

In cones (mega and micro strobili)

19
Q

Are conifers monoecious or dioecious

A

Monoecious

20
Q

Megastrobili of conifers vary in which ways

A

-aril (fleshy covering of seed)
-cones (scale covering)

21
Q

Deciduous species of conifers

A

Larch, dawn redwood, taxodium

22
Q

Transfusion tissue

A

In endodermis and surrounds vascular bundles in conifers

Prevent water loss, prevent freezing

23
Q

Resin canals purpose

A

Anti herbivory secondary metabolites that is sticky

24
Q

Cycadophyta leaves

A

-compound, frond like leaves

Very rigid

25
Who has larger cones..conifers or cycads
Cycads
26
Pollination of cycads
Beetles
27
Do cycads have sperm or pollen tubes
Both!
28
Are cycads monoecious or dioecious
Dioecious
29
Ginkgophyta only species
Ginkgo biloba Maiden hair tree
30
Leaves of ginkgos
Bilobed and fan like
31
Are the seeds of ginkgos in cones or arils
Arils-fleshy
32
Pollen tube or flagella for ginkgos
Both
33
Pollen tube specialization in ginkgos
Pollen tube haustoria; release sperm near egg but still need to swim a bit after
34
Gnetophyra genera
Ephedra Gnetum Welwitschia
35
Angiosperms features of gentophyta
-vessels -double fertilization (W, G) -no archegonia (W, G)
36
Ephedra characteristics
-desert -mostly stems -small leaves at nodes -profuse branching -double fertilization
37
Gnetum characteristics
-double fertilization -tropics -broad, leathery leaves
38
Welwitschia characteristics
-coastal deserts -underground stem -2 large leaves split up