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vascular plants > Primary Plant Body > Flashcards

Primary Plant Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary plant body?

A

Roots
Shoots-stems and leaves

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2
Q

Plants shoots are _____

A

Modular

-repetitive units
-photomere: internode, node, leaf, bud

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3
Q

Meristems

A

Clump of small, unspecialized cells
-dense cytoplasm
-large nuclei
-repeated cell divisions

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4
Q

Apical meristem

A

-near tips of stems and roots
-elongation of roots and shoots
-produce primary tissues to make plant body
-root apical meristem protected by a cap
-shoot apical meristem protected by leaf primordia or bent hypocotyl

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5
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Increase girth
Not present in all plants

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6
Q

Intercalary meristems

A

In stem internodes
Many monocots, horsetails

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7
Q

Primary growth

A

-result of cell division at the apical meristem
-elongation of organ (stem, root)

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8
Q

Secondary growth

A

-result of cell division at lateral meristem
-increase in girth

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9
Q

Lateral meristem types

A

Vascular cambium: secondary xylem and phloem

Cork cambium: cork cells of outer bark in woody species

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10
Q

Periderm is made up of

A

Cork=phellem
Cork cambium
Phelloderm

Part of the dermal tissue system

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11
Q

Phellogen is the same as

A

Cork cambium

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12
Q

Root functions

A

-anchorage
-absorption of water and minerals

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13
Q

Zones of roots

A

-zone of cell division
-Zone of elongation
-Zone of maturation

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14
Q

Root cap

A

-several layers of cells
-protects root apical meristem as root pushes through soil
-border cells: old cells sloughed off, replaced by new cells
-mucigel produced by outer layer
-new root cap produced when existing cap is removed
-gravitropism, hydrotropism

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15
Q

Zone of cell division

A

-cell divide every 12-36 hours
-apical meristem daughter cells divide into Protoderm, Procambium, and ground meristem tissues

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16
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

-roots lengthen because cells produced by primary meristems grow more on length than width

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17
Q

Zone of maturation

A

-cells differentiate into epidermal cells, some with a root hair

-cortex produced by parenchyma cells. Inner boundary differentiated into endodermis Surrounded by casparian strips composed of suberin

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18
Q

Endomyccorhizae and Ectomycorrhizae

A

Endo-thin mantle of hyphae that penetrate the root cortex

Ecto-thick mantle of hyphae that form a sheath outside the root

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19
Q

Quiescent Center

A

Dormant Center of meristem

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20
Q

How can plant elongate if it has a rigid cell wall?

A

Cell wall expands with use of enzymes to acidify walls of cellulose

Enzyme-expansins

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21
Q

Arbuscule

A

Invaginations to create more surface area with Plasmodesmata in mycorrhizae

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22
Q

What do fungi get from plants and what do plants get from fungi

A

P and N to plant root

Carbs to fungi

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23
Q

What do plants release to attract fungi

A

Hormones

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24
Q

Stele

A

All tissues interior to the endodermis

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25
Q

Pericycle

A

Cells immediately adjacent and interior to the endodermis

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26
Q

Monocot stele arrangement in roots

A

-primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles
-ring surrounds pith
-poem between bundles

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27
Q

Eudicots stele arrangement in roots

A

-Xylem x-shaped
-Phloem in discrete groups of cells between arms

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28
Q

Where do lateral roots originate

A

Pericycle

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29
Q

Casparian strip

A

Integral band-like portion of primary wall and middle lamella impregnated with suberin and lignin

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30
Q

Apoplasic, symplasitc and trans cellular roots

A

Between cell walls

Go through Plasmodesmata into cells and then transfer through cells following the outside portion of inner cell

Go through cells

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31
Q

Taproot be fibrous root

A

Single large root with smaller branch roots

Many small, thin roots

32
Q

Modified roots

A

-aerial (prop, climbing, absorbing)
-pneumatophores
-contractile
-storage
-buttress
-parasitic

33
Q

Rhizosphere

A

The volume of soil around living plant roots that is influenced by root activity

34
Q

Monocot primary root

A

Short lived, and instead the main root system develops from roots that arise from the stem (adventitious roots). The lateral roots off this give rise to the fibrous root system

35
Q

During growth of roots, they follow the path of ______

A

Least resistance

Often filling in areas made by dead roots

36
Q

Root cap areas

A

Columnella-central column of cells. Site that perceives gravity (gravitropism) and water potential gradients (hydrotropism)

Lateral root cap-lateral portion

37
Q

Lenticels

A

Spongy areas in the periderm with numerous intercellular spaces that permit the passage of air

38
Q

Stems function

A

Support
Conduction

39
Q

Shoot apical meristem purpose

A

-initiates stem tissues
-intermittently produces primordial or leaves, other shoots or flowers
-node:region of leaf attachment
-internode:stem between two nodes

40
Q

Stele variation in monocot and eudicot stems

A

In eudicots, vascular cambium develops between primary xylem and phloem, and vascular bundles are in circle

I’m monocots, vascular bundles are completely arranged

41
Q

Shoot apical meristems can divide in which ways

A

-anticlinal: horizontal -tunica
-periclinal: vertical -corpus

42
Q

Area of slow and fast Division in shoot apical meristem

A

Slow:Central mother cell zone, and corpus

Fast: Peripheral or tunica

43
Q

Vascular cambium cells divide ______, producing ______

A

Indefinitely
Secondary tissues

-wood in trees (secondary xylem)
-cork cambium: in outer cortex of woody eudicots and gymnosperms.

44
Q

Cork tissues impregnated with _____ constitute outer bark

A

Suberin

45
Q

Cork tissue also produces _____ cells (lenticels) which permit continuance of gas exchange

A

Unsuberized

46
Q

Modified stem types

A

-storage: bulbs, corms, tubers

-growth/asexual reproduction: rhizomes, runner and stolons

-anchorage/climbing: tendrils

-photosynthesis/storage: Cladodes or cladophylls

47
Q

What are leaves

A

-lateral appendages that share four defining features that have: vascularization, determinate growth, bilateral symmetry (abaxial/adaxial polarity), definite arrangement (Phyllotaxis)

48
Q

Despite shared characteristics of leaves, leaves are not ______ across all vascular plants

A

Homologous

49
Q

Leaf morphological groups

A

-microphylls: have one vein that does not leave a gap when it branches from the vascular cylinder of the stem. Characteristics of lycophytes

-megaphylls: have several veins that leave a gap when they branch from the vascular cylinder of the stem

50
Q

Leaf development steps

A
  1. Leaf buttress: bulge on flank of SAM, Elongation of cells in leaf buttress
  2. Leaf primordium
  3. Petiole
  4. Blade
51
Q

Simple vs compound leaves

A

Simple: undivided blades

Compound: blade divided into leaflets
-pinnately compound: leaflets arranged in pairs along common axis
-palmately compound: leaflets radiate out from common point

52
Q

Leaf arrangement types

A

Alternate: one leaf per node
Opposite: two leaves per node
Whorl:circle of leaves at same level

53
Q

Two functions of stems

A

Support
Conduction

54
Q

Leaf primordia develop into ____

Bud primordia develop into

A

Leaves
Lateral shoots

55
Q

Intercalart meristem

A

A localized meristem region in the elongating internode

56
Q

Interfasicular regions

A

Vascular bundles separated by narrow parenchymous regions

57
Q

Open vs closed vascular bundles

A

Open: bundles that do give rise to a cambium

Closed: bundles that do not become cambium. Surrounded by sclerenchyma

58
Q

Leaf traces

A

The extensions from the vascular system in the stem towards the leaves

59
Q

Leaf trace gaps

A

Wide Interfasicular regions, or gaps of ground tissue, in the vascular cylinder located above the level where leaf traces diverge toward the leaves

60
Q

Stem bundle

A

Vascular bundle in stem

61
Q

Sympodium

A

A stem bundle and it’s associated leaf traces

62
Q

In which cells are there more chloroplasts: spongy or palisade

A

Palisade

63
Q

Sun leaves vs shade leaves

A

Sun leaves:
-smaller
-thicker (more palisade)
-more extensive vascular system
-thicker epidermal walls
-more surface area of the mesophyll

64
Q

Abscission

A

Normal separation of the leaf from the stem

65
Q

Leaf scar

A

After leaf falls

66
Q

Megaphylls have ____ but microphylls done

A

vascular gap

67
Q

Blade is also known as a

A

Lamina

68
Q

Areoles

A

Smallest irrigated unit in a leaf

69
Q

Inflorescence

A

Flowering branch

70
Q

Floating leaves have more stomata on what surface?

Non aquatic plants have more stomata on which side?

A

Adaxial

Abaxial

71
Q

Palisade layer has more _______

Spongy layer deals more in the ______

A

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

72
Q

Which surface of the leaf has more cuticle

A

Adaxial

73
Q

Trichomes and boundary layer

A

Increase boundary layer to increase humidity and decrease the vast temp gradient

74
Q

Spines can be modified ____ or ____

A

Stems or leaves

75
Q

Epidermis functions

A

-cuticle
-gas exchange
-trichomes
-protection

76
Q

Mesophyll differences in Eudicots and monocots

A

Eudicots have palisade and spongy

Monocots have spongy

vascular plants (11 decks)

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