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Vascular plants > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How old is the earth and when we’re the first fossils

A

4.6x10^9

3.5 Ga (1Ga=10^9 years)

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2
Q

The first organisms were heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs

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3
Q

Stromatolites

A

Earliest fossils: microbial mats made of layers of microorganisms and sediment. Similar to modern stromatolites formed by Cyanobacteria

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4
Q

How did photosynthesis alter earths atmosphere

A

-oxygen released from photosynthesis into oceans and lakes reacted with dissolved iron and precipitated as iron oxides
-2.7-2.2 Ga gradual accumulation in the atmosphere leading to the great oxidation event
-700Ma ago, marked increase in levels of atmospheric oxygen

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5
Q

What time period approached modern oxygen levels and when

A

Cambrian (570-510 Ma)

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6
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

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7
Q

Anoxygenic

A

Photosynthesis but no oxygen is produced

Protobacteria and chloroflexi

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8
Q

What type of photosynethis do Cyanobacteria undergo

A

Photo systems 1 and 2

Need sun, water and carbon dioxide, and release oxygen

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9
Q

Consequences of great oxidation event

A
  1. Ozone later formed 450 Ma making life possible near water surface and land
  2. Free oxygen (lethal to some organisms, important selective pressure, possible acceptor of elections in cellular respiration)
  3. Evolution of eukaryotic cells-2.1Ga ago
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10
Q

Aerobic respiration give more _____ in cellular respiration

A

ATP

Due to oxygen being a good carrier of electrons

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11
Q

Heterotroph

A

Dependent on an outside source of organic molecules for its energy.
-animals, fungi, one cell organisms

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12
Q

Autotrophs

A

Able to make own energy-rich molecules out of simple inorganic materials.

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13
Q

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

A

No nuclear envelope or chromosomes

Nuclear envelopes, complex chromosomes, organelles surrounded by membranes (all but bacteria and archea)

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14
Q

Epidermis and cuticle of plants

A

Outermost layer of cells, of all above ground portions of the plant involved in photosynthesis. Also epidermis on roots.

Waxy layer preventing water loss

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15
Q

Stomata

A

Paired with guard epidermal cells around them; is a small opening from the epidermis of a plant.
-open and close in response to environmental and physiological signals to maintain water and gas balance

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16
Q

Annuals
Perennials

Stem differences

A

Plants with a life span of one year. Stem is photosynthetic organ too

Longer living plants. Stem may become thickened and woody and covered with cork which prevents water loss.

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17
Q

Xylem and phloem

A

Parts of a plants vascular/ conducting system.

Through which water passes upward through the plant body

Through which food manufactured in the leaves and other photosynthetic parts is transported throughout the plant.

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18
Q

Meristems

A

Where plant growth originates

Embryonic tissue regions capable of adding cells indefinitely to the plant body.

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19
Q

Types of meristems

A

Apical-meristems located at the tips of all roots and shoots. Involved with extension of the plant body. (Primary growth)

Lateral-meristems-growth resulting in thickening if stems and roots in secondary growth. Two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium

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20
Q

During transition to air, plants underwent which adaptation to reproduce?

A

-production of drought resistant spores
-complex, multicellular structures in which gametes were held and protected from drying out by a layer of sterile cells.

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21
Q

Seed plants

A

Plants except mosses, ferns and liverworts

22
Q

Components of the Seed

A

Embryo, supply of stored food and seed coat

23
Q

Adaptions to photosynthetic life of land

A
  1. Roots to anchor
  2. Stems to lift up photosynthetic parts
  3. Leaves for photosynthesis
  4. Vascular system to transport nutrients
  5. Reproductive cells protected in coats
24
Q

Biomes

A

Natural communities of wide extent, characterized by distinctive, climatically controlled groups of plants and animals.

Determined by precipitation and temperature

25
Q

Ecosystems

A

Relatively stable interacting system that involving both living organisms and their environment
-changes at slow rate
-materials are recycled
-energy flows

26
Q

Importance of sea shores from transition from sea to land colonization

A

-high concentration of mineral resources carried by lakes, rivers, erosion: needed to make cells! Minerals are scare in ocean, but abundant near shores.

27
Q

Difficulties of shores for early plants and how they overcame them

A

-high competition and greater organism density due to light and minerals.
-desiccation

-increased complexity of body structure
-multicellularity, functional integration, tissue specialization: anchoring, photosynthesis, conduction

28
Q

How is carbon concentration different between land and water

A

Not, but easier to access on land

29
Q

Colonization of land by plants was linked to the ability to withstand______

A

Desiccation

30
Q

When do easiest plants appear in fossil record

A

450 mya

31
Q

Shoots

A

Stems and leaves

32
Q

Do all vascular plants have seeds

A

No

33
Q

Majority of plants have relationships with ___

A

Fungi (microrhizy)

34
Q

Primary producer

A

Makes organic from inorganic

-plants

35
Q

How many species of organisms are photosynthetic

A

Half a million

36
Q

How do communities come into being

A

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of almost all food chains-primary producers. Therefore the rest of the chain is determined by them.

Plants are determined by soil type, climate, precipitation, seed dispersal

37
Q

Botany

A

Study of plants

-previously considered part of medicine

38
Q

Importance of plants from an anthropocentric view

A

-food
-drinks
-spices
-medicine
-fuel
-shelter
-paper
-energy
-atmospheric oxygen
-matter (sugars)

39
Q

Agriculture began when

A

12-14000 ya

40
Q

What 6 crops make up 80% of total caloric content

A

Corn (Zea)
Rice (oryza)
Wheat (Triticum)
Potatoes (Solanum)
Manioc or cassava (Manihot)
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea)

41
Q

What additional crops make up most of the remaining 20% of total caloric content

A

Banana
Sugarcane
Barely
Coconuts
Beans
Sugar beets

42
Q

Phytoremediation

A

uses plants to clean up contaminated environments

43
Q

Plant characteristics (6)

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Eukaryotes
  3. Autotrophs
  4. Cell walls composed of mainly cellulose
  5. Two adult forms: alternation of generations
    6.embryo
44
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Sporophytes produce diploid spores that are resistant to desiccation and help in dispersal

Gametophytes produce haploid gametes to interchange genetic information

45
Q

Plant embryos are protected by what

A

Tissues of female parent, and they are dependent on them for nutrient acquisition

46
Q

Why aren’t algae considered plants

A

Don’t fit multicellular characteristic and plants closest relatives are land plants not water plants

47
Q

4 main groups of plants

A

Bryophytes (non vascular plants)
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

48
Q

Bryophytes
-types
-timeline
-characteristics

A

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

450-700 mya

Inefficient water transport (diffusion) , close to ground, moist habitats

49
Q

Seedless vascular plants
-examples
-timeline
-characteristics

A

Ferns

450-700mya

Specialized tissues for water transportation (efficient) and come in many sizes from herbs to trees

50
Q

Gymnosperms
-examples
-timeline
-characteristics

A

Conifers, gnetales

365 mya

No flowers, naked seeds, wood plants

51
Q

Angiosperms
-examples
-timeline
-characteristics

A

Flowers

145 mya

Flowers, seeds completely enclosed in maternal tissues, efficient water transportation, convolution with pollinators

Vascular plants (11 decks)

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