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Anatomy and Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the nervous system?

A
  • Monitor internal and external environment
  • Integrate sensory information
  • Homeostasis
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2
Q

What is included in the CNS and PNS (Periphery)

A

CNS - The brain and Spinal cord

PNS - all neural Tissue outside CNS

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3
Q

What are the 3 kind of sensory receptors?

A

1) Special sensory receptors
2) Visceral sensory receptors (monitors internal organs)
3) Somatic sensory receptors (Monitors skeletal muscles, skin and joints)

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4
Q

Which direction does the afferent tract take neurons?

A
  • towards the CNS (sensory neurons)
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5
Q

Name the features of a neuron

A
  • Axon
  • Axon Hillock (where the axon attaches the cell body)
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Dendritic branches/splines
  • Axon terminals
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6
Q

Name the 4 different structures of neurons:

A
  • Anaxonic
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
  • Multipolar
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7
Q

Structure of Anaxonic neuron: and where its found

A
  • found in special sense organs and the brain
  • looks like a star
  • cannot distinguish axon from dendrite
  • very small
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8
Q

Structure of Bipolar neuron: and where its found

A
  • 1 dendrite and 1 axon
  • Cell body is in the middle
  • rare but found in special sense organs
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9
Q

Structure of Unipolar neuron: and where its found

A
  • Dendrite and axon form continuous pathway
  • cell body is central but to the side
  • found in PNS as sensory neurons
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10
Q

Structure of Multipolar neuron: and where its found

A
  • Has 1 axon and 2 or more dendrites
  • most common in CNS
  • All motor neurons in skeletal muscle are multipolar
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11
Q

What does the spinal cord control?

A
  • reflexes

- autonomic motor responses

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A
  • made of 31 segments
  • each segment contains a pair of dorsal root ganglia, which has the cell body of sensory neurons
  • the dorsal root brings sensory information to the spinal cord
  • the Ventral root takes motor information away
  • Outer white matter contains myelinated and unmyelinated cells
  • Inner grey matter contains unmyelinated cells and neuroglia
  • central canal is filled with cerebral spinal fluid
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13
Q

Describe the reflex arc:

A
  • Stimulus
  • Sensory neuron through dorsal root to CNS
  • Relay neuron in grey matter to motor neuron
  • Motor neuron axon leaves grey matter through ventral root
  • Effector response
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14
Q

What are considered to be the levels of brain that separate humans from chimps and reptiles?

A
  • Reptilian brain = brain stem, which controls instincts and involuntary actions
  • Mammalian brain = limbic system, which allows emotion and feelings
  • Higher brain = neocortex, functions for higher thoughts like ethics, judgement
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15
Q

What are the 6 regions of the brain and the brain stem?

A

1) Cerebrum - Brain
2) Cerebellum - Brain
3) Diencephalon - Brain stem
4) Mesencephalon - Brain stem
5) Pons - Brain Stem
6) Medulla Oblongata - Brain stem

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16
Q

what regions make up the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)?

A

1) Frontal Lobe
2) Parietal Lobe
3) Occipital Lobe
4) Temporal Lobe

17
Q

Function of the Frontal Lobe?

A
  • Contains the Primary motor cortex, where voluntary muscle control occurs
  • Speech
  • Thought elaboration
18
Q

Function of the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Contains the Primary Sensory Cortex, where we receive and process sensory information
19
Q

Function of the Temporal lobe?

A
  • Contains the auditory and olfactory cortex, where we receive auditory information
20
Q

Function of the Occipital Lobe?

A
  • Contains the Visual cortex, where we process visual information
21
Q

What links the Cerebellum to all the other parts of the brain?

A

The cerebellar peduncles

- Superior, Middle and inferior peduncles

22
Q

What is the Diencephalon made up of?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland
23
Q

Job of Thalamus:

A

Passes information to sensory processing sensors

24
Q

Job of Hypothalamus:

A

Controls emotions, heart rate and other autonomic processes, also controls hunger and thirst

25
Q

Job of the Pineal Gland:

A

Controls sleep via melatonin secretion

26
Q

Job of Pituitary Gland:

A

Controls when we need to pee, by secreting ADH, also secretes growth hormone

27
Q

Function of the Mesencephalon:

A

Contains the reticular activating system which keeps us awake

28
Q

Function of the Pons:

A

Contains the descending and ascending tract, so relays sensory information to the cerebellum

29
Q

Function of the Medulla Oblongata:

A

Connects to the top of the spinal cord and regulates breathing, heart rate and blood vessel function

30
Q

How is the brain protected?

A
  • Cranial Bones
  • Cranial meninges (membranes)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
31
Q

what are the cranial meninges?

A

3 layers of membranes that attach the brain to the cranium

1) Dura Mater (hard membrane) attached to the cranium
2) Arachnoid Mater (webbed membrane) attaches both membranes
3) Pia Mater (thin, fragile membrane) attached to the brain

32
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • CNS capillaries have a different permeability which only let the smallest molecules diffuse through ensuring no pathogens can spread to the brain from the blood
33
Q

Role of Cerebrospinal fluid: and how it protects the brain

A
  • Same density

- Cushions, supports, transport of nutrients, chemical messages and waste products

34
Q

Pneumonic to remember the 12 cranial Nerves

A

Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel A Virgin Girls Vagina And Hymen

35
Q

Pneumonic to remember the Function of each nerve:

S-Sensory, M-Motor, B-Both

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

36
Q

name all 12 nerves

A

1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Auditory/Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Accessory
12) Hypoglossal

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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