Respiratory system and Ventilation

Question 1

Summary of the respiratory system:

Answer 1

• To provide cells with energy for growth, defence, maintenance from aerobic mechanisms
• To provide cells with oxygen

Question 2

5 functions of the respiratory structure:

Answer 2

1 - Provides a large gas exchange surface area between air and blood
2 - Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
3 - Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
4 - Production of sound
5 - Participates in Olfaction Sense

Question 3

What is the respiratory tract?

Answer 3

the passageway which carries air to the lungs

Question 4

What 2 parts make up the respiratory tract

Answer 4

• Conducting zone (upper)

- Respiratory zone (lower)

Question 5

Describe the 2 Zones of the lower respiratory tract:

Answer 5

• Conducting zone runs from nasal cavity to Bronchioles

- Respiratory zone runs from bronchioles to alveoli

Question 6

Describe the structure of the left and right lung

Answer 6

Both have: Superior and Inferior lobes, an oblique fissure separating the lobes, an apex and a base
Right - has middle lobe and horizontal fissure
Left - has Cardiac notch (indent)

Question 7

What lines the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?

Answer 7

Respiratory Mucosa

Question 8

describe the Respiratory Mucosa:

Answer 8

made of an epithelial and areolar layer

- epithelial layer contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells and mucous cells.

Question 9

Where can the Lamina Propria be found? and how does it vary?

Answer 9

all along the respiratory tract

• It underlies areolar connective tissue on the upper respiratory tract and contains mucous glands
• along the lower respiratory tract (bronchioles area) it is smooth muscle encircling the lumen

Question 10

Describe the Nasal cavity:

Answer 10

• divided by the Nasal septum into 2 sides
• Has Paranasal sinus
• contains olfaction receptors for smelling
• 3 Nasal nonchae (superior, middle, inferior)

Question 11

what can be found in the nasal vestibule and what does it do?

Answer 11

Nasal hairs, which make the particle filtration system

Question 12

What is the job of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 12

to secrete mucous and tears to clean the cavity and moisten the air

Question 13

What are meatuses?

Answer 13

• Constricting random flow passage ways that create air turbulence to trap particles and moisten/warm incoming air

Question 14

Describe the 2 Palates?

Answer 14

Hard Palate - forms floor of nasal cavity dividing nasal and oral cavity
Soft Palate - extends from the hard palate dividing the superior nasopharynx from the lower 2 pharynx

Question 15

Describe the Pharynx

Answer 15

Made of 3 parts:
Upper - Nasopharynx, at the back of the nasal cavity
Middle - Oropharynx, at the back of the oral cavity
Lower - Laryngopharynx, at top of oesophagus next to larynx

Question 16

Describe the Pharynx

Answer 16

Made of 3 parts:
Upper - Nasopharynx, at the back of the nasal cavity
Middle - Oropharynx, at the back of the oral cavity
Lower - Laryngopharynx, at top of oesophagus on top of the larynx

Question 17

What is the larynx?

Answer 17

A series of cartilage structures that surround the Glottis

Question 18

Name all the cartilages that make up the larynx:

Answer 18

3 large Cartilages:
- Thyroid, Cricoid and Epiglottis
3 Smaller cartilages
- Cuneiform, Arytenoid, Corniculate cartilages

Question 19

Describe the thyroid cartilage:

Answer 19

• Made of hyaline cartilage
• forms anterior and lateral larynx walls
• ligaments attach to hyoid bone, epiglottis and laryngeal cartilages
• Superior to cricoid cartilage
• protects the glottis

Question 20

Describe the Cricoid cartilage:

Answer 20

• Made of hyaline cartilage
• forms the posterior portion of the larynx
• ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage
• articulates with arytenoid cartilages
• protects the glottis

Question 21

Describe the Epiglottis

Answer 21

• Superior to the Glottis and is a projection that forms a lid
• Made of Elastic cartilage
• Ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

Question 22

There are 3 pairs of small cartilages what are they called?

Answer 22

Cuneiform cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage

Question 23

2 small cartilages in the larynx have a special function, which 2 and whats the function?

Answer 23

• Arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages

- Open and close the Glottis and produce sound

Question 24

What kinds of ligaments are found in the larynx?

Answer 24

Vestibular and vocal ligaments

Question 25

Describe the vocal and vestibular ligaments:

Answer 25

both:
- Extend between arytenoid and thyroid cartilage
- covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium
Vestibular ligaments:
- lie within vestibular folds

Question 26

What is the job of the Vestibular folds?

Answer 26

To protect the vocal folds and prevent foreign objects from entering the Glottis

Question 27

How is sound produced?

Answer 27

• Air passing through the glottis, vibrating the vocal folds producing sound

Question 28

How does the Glottis change the sounds we can make?

Answer 28

• Levels of tension in the vocal folds and voluntary muscles in the larynx

Question 29

What is the involved in the laryngeal musculature:

Answer 29

• Muscles of the neck and pharynx which stabilise the larynx

- intrinsic muscles too, which control vocal folds, opening of the glottis and insert on the main larynx cartilages

Question 30

Describe the trachea location:

Answer 30

• Extends from cricoid cartilage at base of larynx to the mediastinum where it branches into bronchi

Question 31

Describe the structure of the trachea:

Answer 31

• Has a submucosa layer containing mucous glands
• 15-20 tracheal cartilages (horse shoe shape)
• Ends of tracheal cartilages connect to and elastic ligament and trachealis muscle

Question 32

What is the purpose of the tracheal cartilage

Answer 32

• To strengthen and protect the airways

Question 33

What seperates the 2 primary bronchi?

Answer 33

The Carina (an internal ridge)

Question 34

Describe the structure differences of the 2 primary bronchi:`

Answer 34

• The right bronchus is wider and descends at a steeper angle

Question 35

What is the hole in the lungs medial surface which is for the bronchi?

Answer 35

The hilium

Question 36

what are the 2 different types of bronchi and the difference between them:

Answer 36

• Extrapulmonary bronchi - branch outside the lung

- Intrapulmonary Bronchi - branch inside the lung

Question 37

What are secondary bronchi?

Answer 37

Where the primary bronchi have divided into 2 secondary bronchi
- each provide a single bronchopulmonary segment

Question 38

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

Answer 38

right has 10

left has 8-9

Question 39

Describe the structure of Bronchioles:

Answer 39

• No cartilage, mostly smooth muscle controlled autonomically for bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

Question 40

What 2 factors cause bronchoconstriction?

Answer 40

• Parasympathetic nervous system

- Histamine release in an allergic reaction

Question 41

What are the 2 different types of respiration?

Answer 41

• External, exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment

- Internal, Uptake of O2 and CO2 production in cells

Question 42

If a lung is more compliant what does this mean?

Answer 42

that the lung is more easily expanded with a low force

Question 43

What causes a lung to be more compliant?

Answer 43

• connective tissue structure
• level of surfactant produced
• mobility of thoracic cage

Question 44

what are the primary respiratory muscles?

Answer 44

Muscles used when passively breathing

- External intercoastal muscles and diaphragm

Question 45

Describe how forced breathing increases exhalation and inhalation:

Answer 45

• During inhalation accessory muscles are used

- During exhalation accessory muscles like transverse thoracis, internal intercostal and rectus abdominis contract