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Anatomy and Physiology > The Brain and Special Senses > Flashcards

The Brain and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Smelling

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the nose and special sense organ:

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • lined with mucus
  • Olfactory epithelial on cavity roof
  • Olfactory epithelial has receptor cells in it
  • Olfactory nerves pass through cribriform plate to Olfactory bulb
  • Olfactory tract
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3
Q

Describe the process of olfaction:

A
  • Air enters the nasal cavity
  • Upon reaching the olfactory organs, lipid and water soluble molecules diffuse into the mucus
  • Dissolved chemicals interact with cilia on each receptor end
  • Binding of odorants changes receptor permeability causing an action potential
  • Information is relayed to Olfactory cortex from the olfactory bulb through the olfactory tract
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4
Q

What makes up the olfactory organs?

A
  • Olfactory epithelial

- Olfactory glands

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5
Q

What are papillae?

A
  • projections or bumps on the tongue with many taste buds
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6
Q

name the 3 types of papillae: and number of taste buds on each

A
  • Filiform (0)
  • Fungiform (5)
  • Circumvallate (100)
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7
Q

What are taste buds and where are they found?

A
  • Bundles of 50-150 taste receptor cells and specialised epithelial
  • Found in walls of papillae
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8
Q

How do chemicals reach gustatory receptor cells?

A
  • small microvilli of each receptor cell extend through the taste pore into the fluid with the chemicals
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9
Q

name the 6 Tastes

A

1) Sweet
2) Salty
3) Sour
4) Bitter
5) Umami
6) Water

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10
Q

how do we taste things?

A

Dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs depolarising the membrane resulting in an action potential

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11
Q

What is the nerve pathway for tasting?

A
  • Gustatory cells stimulate cranial nerves 7,9 and 10.
  • These all synapse within the nucleus in a solitary tract of the Medulla Oblongata
  • Taste information is then sent to the Thalamus
  • The information is finally sent to the gustatory cortex
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12
Q

Definition of refraction:

A

The bending of light when it travels from one medium to another

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13
Q

In light what happens to rhodopsin?

A

Rhodopsin splits into Opsin and Retinal because the structure Retinal changes (bleaching)

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14
Q

Describe the nerve pathway from the eyes to the visual cortex:

A
  • Nerve fibres from each eye travel along the optic tract until reaching the optic chiasm (cross over)
  • At the chiasm half the nerve fibres from each eye cross over to reach the thalamus on the opposite side
  • Nuclei in the thalamus relay visual information to the reflex centres in the brain stem and then to the visual cortex
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15
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

3 auditory ossicles

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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16
Q

what is another name for the ear drum?

A

Tympanic membrane

17
Q

list all the features needed in the process of hearing:

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
  • Oval Window
  • Vestibular duct perilymph
  • Cochlear duct endolymph
  • Basilar membrane
  • Organ of Corti
18
Q

Describe the process of hearing:

A
  • Soundwaves vibrate tympanic membrane
  • Vibrations are relayed through auditory ossicles
  • The stapes vibrates the oval window causing pressure waves through the vestibular duct perilymph
  • The waves travel through the cochlear duct endolymph
  • These waves vibrate the Basilar membrane, which contains the organ of corti
  • Organ of Corti contains mechanoreceptors, which have hairs.
  • The hairs are bent due to the vibrations causing an AP along the cochlear nerve
19
Q

What is the pathway of the nerve:

A
  • Information is passed along cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear neve
  • This is taken to the medulla oblongata and synapsed at the cochlear nucleus
  • Then to the thalamus
  • Then to the auditory cortex
20
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

Equilibrium, and balance

21
Q

What is the Vestibular apparatus?

A
  • Semi circular canals

- Otoliths

22
Q

Describe the structure of the semi circular canals:

A
  • 3 loopy canals next to the cochlea
  • At the base of each loop are Ampulla
  • An ampulla contains a Capula, Cristae and stereocilia (
  • Loops are filled with endolymph
23
Q

How is head movement detected?

A
  • When the head moves the endolymph moves, increasing pressure on the Capula, bending the stereocilia causing an AP
24
Q

What are Otoliths?

A

Organs that detect forward, backward movements and gravity

25
Q

name the 2 Otoliths?

A

Utricle

Saccule

26
Q

What type of movements does each Otolith detect?

A

Utricle - Forwards and Backwards

Saccule - Detects gravity

27
Q

Describe the nervous pathway of the vestibular system:

A
  • Information is passed along the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve
  • Nerve synapses at Vestibular nerve
  • This connects info from each ear and relays it to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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