Articulations

Question 1

Name the 3 different types of articulations that have varying flexibility:

Answer 1

• Synarthrosis - Immovable
• Amphiarthrosis - Slightly Movable
• Diarthrosis - Freely Movable

Question 2

Name the 3 different types of movements in the sagittal plane:

Answer 2

• Flexion - Reduced angle
• Extension - Anatomical position
• Hyperextension - Increased Angle

Question 3

Name the 2 different movements in the frontal plane:

Answer 3

• Abduction - Away from body

- Adduction - towards body

Question 4

What kinds of rotation are there?

Answer 4

• Lateral and medial of limbs

- left and right rotation of head

Question 5

what unique movements can the forearm do?

Answer 5

supination - palm up

Pronation - palm down and thumb on medial side

Question 6

What movements are there uniquely for the foot?

Answer 6

• Inversion and eversion - sole facing inwards and outwards

- Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion - toes pulled up and toes pointed

Question 7

How are joints classified? with the names of different joint types:

Answer 7

by what fills the space between them

- Cartilaginous, Fibrous and synovial

Question 8

Name the 3 kinds of Fibrous joints and their range of motion

Answer 8

Suture - Synarthrosis
Gomphosis - Synarthrosis
Syndesmosis - Amphiarthrosis

Question 9

Describe a suture

Answer 9

Articulating bones interlocked by collagen fibres so synarthrosis

Question 10

Describe a Gomphosis

Answer 10

Where ligaments hold bone tightly, eg Teeth in their socket, so synarthrosis

Question 11

Describe a Syndesmosis:

Answer 11

Long bones held together by ligaments, like radius and Ulna, so Amphiarthrosis

Question 12

Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints:

Answer 12

Synchondrosis - Synarthrosis

Symphisis - Amphiarthrosis

Question 13

Describe synchondrosis and symphysis joints:

Answer 13

synchondrosis- just bones attached by cartilage that cant move
Symphisis - Bone separated by fibrocartilage disks eg, vertebra

Question 14

Describe a Synovial joint:

Answer 14

• Articular cartilage, smooth cover on bone to protect the bone and reduce friction
• Synovial fluid, for lubrication and shock absorption
• Joint Capsule, made of fibrous connective tissue
• Synovial membrane, lines the inner of the joint capsule

Question 15

List the joint accessory structures and their purposes:

Answer 15

• Cartilage - cushioning
• Fat Pads - provide protection
• Ligaments - strengthen joint
• Tendons - attach muscle to bone
• Bursae - pocket of synovial fluid to stop tendons and ligaments rubbing on bone

Question 16

List the types of synovial joints:

Answer 16

• Gliding
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Condylar
• Saddle
• Ball and socket

Question 17

Describe the structure of a intervertebral disk

Answer 17

• Outer Vertebral end plate
• Anulus fibrosus - fibrous layer
• Nucleus Pulpus - elastic core

Question 18

How may the fibrocartilage pad cause a herniated disk?

Answer 18

the Anulus fibrosus can weaken causing the nucleus pulpus to bulge into the spinal cord.

Question 19

Describe the structure of the knee joint:

Answer 19

• Femur Condyles articulate with Tibia
• Medial and lateral condyles attach to medial and lateral menisci and then the tibia
• tibial collateral and fibial collateral ligaments run down the sides of the joint
• ACL and PCL cross over in knee but the PCL sticks out at the back (posterior)

Question 20

What is another name for the shoulder joint?

Answer 20

Glenohumeral

Question 21

What is a sprain?

Answer 21

tearing fibres of a ligament

Question 22

What is a dislocation?

Answer 22

when articulating surfaces are displaced

Question 23

what is subluxation?

Answer 23

Partial dislocation

Question 24

What is a rupture?

Answer 24

Complete tearing of a ligament

Question 25

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 25

When the articular cartilage is damaged so the underlying bone also gets damages

Question 26

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 26

An autoimmune disease where the bodies own antigens attack the joint causing inflammation

Question 27

What is Gouty Arthritis?

Answer 27

deposition of crystals in joints as a result of metabolic disorders