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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonic to remember the layers of skin

A

Come Lets Get Sun Burnt

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2
Q

layers of the epidermis from surface to deepest

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
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3
Q

What 2 type of components make up the integumentary system

A
  • Cutaneous membrane

- Accessory Structures

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4
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Excretion
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Production of Melanin and Keratin
  • Synthesis of Vitamin D
  • Sensation of touch, pressure, temp and pain
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5
Q

What 3 layers make up the cutaneous membrane?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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6
Q

What are the 2 sublayers in the Dermis?

A
  • Reticular layer

- Papillary layer

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7
Q

Describe the process of regeneration of Epidermis

A
  • Basal Keratinocytes divide in Stratum Basale
  • Keratinocytes become shrunken and dehydrated in stratum spinosum
  • Keratin is produced and cells start apoptosis in stratum granulosum
  • Cells are flattened and clear in stratum lucidum
  • Dead flat keratinocytes lacking organelles make up the stratum corneum
  • Cells on the surface shed
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8
Q

what stimulates basal keratinocytes to divide beginning epidermal regeneration?

A
  • Epidermal Growth Factor hormone
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9
Q

How does thick skin compare to thin skin?

A

Thick:

  • Thicker Stratum Corneum, Lucidum and Spinosum
  • Well developed dermal papillae (finger ridges)
  • No hair follicles
  • more sweat glands
  • More Sensory receptors
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10
Q

What is the purpose of melanocytes?

A
  • make and secrete melanin, which shields skin from UV light
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11
Q

where can melanocytes be found?

A

in Stratum Basale

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12
Q

what different pigments are there for skin?

A
  • Carotene - yellowish
  • Melanin - Brown, makes freckles and UV protection
  • Blood - gives pink/blue colouration
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13
Q

What makes up the Papillary layer?

A

Areolar tissue

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14
Q

What makes up the Reticular layer?

A

Fibrous network

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15
Q

Name all the components of the dermis:

A
  • Papillary Layer
  • Reticular layer
  • Blood vessels running in the papillary plexus and cutaneous plexus
  • Sensory receptors
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16
Q

What type of tissue makes up the hypodermis?

A
  • Loose connective tissue, Adipose and Areolar tissue

- Connective fibres are also interwoven with reticular layer of dermis

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17
Q

What is Fascia?

A

The vast network of connective tissues making up the skin

18
Q

Name the 3 layers of Fascia:

A

Top layer: Superficial Fascia, this is the hypodermis
Middle: Deep Fascia, dense connective tissue
Bottom: Subserous Fascia, Areolar tissue between serous membrane and deep fascia

19
Q

Function of hair:

A

Protection, Insulation and sensation

20
Q

List the features of a hair:

A
  • Hair
  • Sebaceous gland
  • Connective tissue sheath
  • Root hair plexus
  • arrector pilli muscle
21
Q

what are the 3 layers in a hair stem:

A

Outer - Cuticle, tough thin layer of hard keratin
Middle - Cortex, thick layer of hard keratin
Inner - Medulla, flexible soft keratin

22
Q

What 4 layers make up the hair sheath?

A

Outer - Connective tissue sheath
- Glass membrane
- External root sheath
Inner - Internal root sheath (star shape)

23
Q

Describe Hair Growth:

A
  • Basal Cells in hair matrix (base of cell) fall out
  • Daughter cells are pushed to the surface
  • Follicle becomes inactive and connections between hair root and hair matrix break down
  • Hair falls out, a new hair grows
24
Q

Label a nail:

A
  • Nail body (keratinised cells)
  • Eponychium (cuticle)
  • Lunula (white bit at base)
25
Q

What is the job of the sebaceous gland?

A

To secrete Sebum

26
Q

How does the sebaceous gland work?

A

Basal cells divide in the gland and the cell content is then squeezed out into the lumen

27
Q

What 2 types of sweat glands are there?

A
  • Apocrine

- Merocrine

28
Q

Describe how the Apocrine sweat gland works and where:

A
  • Secretes a thick fluid into the hair follicles of the pubic region
  • Pinches off part of the cell cytoplasm
29
Q

Describe how the Merocrine sweat gland works and where:

A
  • Discharges watery fluid onto skin surface

- Exocytosis of vesicles

30
Q

What does metastasise mean?

A

spread

31
Q

what types of skin cancer can you get?

A

78% basal cell carcinomas

2% malignant melanoma which is likely to spread

32
Q

Describe a first degree burn:

A
  • only affects epidermis

- Causes reddening

33
Q

Describe a second degree burn:

A
  • affects dermis and epidermis

- Causes blistering and scar tissue

34
Q

Describe a third degree burn

A
  • affects epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

- Destroys nerves, and disrupts thermoregulation and infection protection

35
Q

Describe the body process of repairing an injury such as a deep cut:

A
  • Blood fills the cut and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response
  • The blood clots as fibrin forms a meshy fibrous network. Cells of the stratum Basale migrate along wound perimeters. Phagocytes remove any debris and fibroblasts arrive and build fibre
  • A thicker fibrous layer forms below the wound and developes upwards with the stratum basale
  • The scab sheds leaving a shallow depression, fibroblasts continue making scar tissue to reduce the depression
36
Q

what is different about scar tissue from normal tissue?

A

Scar tissue contains mostly collagen and fewer accessory structures like hair follicles

37
Q

What is an intrinsic factor of skin aging?

A
  • reduction in cell activity
  • reduction in growth factors
  • reduction in immune sensitivity
38
Q

What effects do intrinsic factors have on skin?

A
  • Dermal thinning
  • Wrinkling
  • White hair
  • Increased risk of infection
39
Q

What is an extrinsic factor of skin aging?

A
  • Sunshine exposure

- Smoking

40
Q

What effects do extrinsic factors have on skin?

A
  • Increased wrinkling

- Skin cancer

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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