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Anatomy and Physiology > The Cardiovascular System 2 > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the arterial system and venous system

A
  • Arteries and arterioles

- Veins and venules

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2
Q

what are the 3 walls of blood vessels called

A

inner - Tunica intima
middle - Tunica media
outer - Tunica externa

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3
Q

describe the Tunica intima

A
  • made of 2 layers, endothelium and a connective tissue layer
  • in arteries the connective tissue layer has elastic fibres
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4
Q

what role does the endothelium have and play

A
  • releases vasoactive substances which affect the vascular tone
  • the vascular tone is the state of being constricted or dilated
  • this affects blood pressure and flow maintaining vascular homeostasis
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5
Q

name 2 vasoactive substances and what they cause

A

Nitric oxide - causes vasodilation

Endothelin - causes vasoconstriction

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6
Q

Describe the Tunica media

A
  • Concentric sheets of smooth muscle in a loose connective tissue of collagen or elastic (arteries)
  • this encircles the endothelium binding the inner and outer membranes together
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7
Q

how does the Tunica media differ in arteries and veins

A
  • in arteries the smooth connective tissue between the muscles are elastic not collagen
  • there is an additional elastic membrane between the Tunica media and externa in arteries
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8
Q

describe the tunica externa

A
  • Anchors vessels to adjacent tissues

- contains collagen fibres, elastic fibres and smooth muscle in veins

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9
Q

What does the term vasa vasorum refer to?

A
  • these are the small arteries and veins that carry blood to and away from the tunica media and tunica externa
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10
Q

how do arteries change as they get further from the heart?

A
  • they transition from more elastic to more muscular
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11
Q

name the 3 types of capillaries

A
  • continuous capillary
  • fenestrated capillary
  • sinusoid capillary
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12
Q

what 2 features do all capillaries have

A
  • basement membrane

- endothelial cells

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13
Q

describe a continuous capillary and what can pass out of one

A
  • no pores or gaps between endothelial cells
  • only permits the diffusion of water, small solutes and lipid soluble things
  • blocks blood cells and plasma proteins
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14
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A
  • all tissues except epithelia and cartilage

- specialised continuous capillaries in CNS and thymus have special permeability

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15
Q

describe a fenestrated capillary and where they are found

A
  • have pores in the endothelial lining
  • large pores allow rapid exchange of water and larger solutes
  • found in endocrine organs, kidneys and intestinal tract
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16
Q

describe sinusoid capillaries and where they are found

A
  • have large gaps between endothelial cells
  • free exchange of water and large plasma proteins through gaps
  • gaps are guarded by phagocytes
  • found in liver, spleen, bone marrow and endocrine organs
17
Q

what is a thoroughfare channel

A
  • when an arteriole directly connects to a venule without a capillary bed to separate them
18
Q

what makes up the valves of the veins

A
  • folds of tunica intima
19
Q

what is the condition varicose veins

A
  • when the vein wall weakens near the valve
20
Q

how do you calculate total capillary blood flow

A

total capillary blood flow = cardiac output = heart rate*stroke volume

21
Q

what is the pressure gradient

A
  • the difference in blood pressure between one end of the vessel to the other
22
Q

what is the typical pressure gradient?

A

85mmHg

23
Q

what is and what makes up total peripheral resistance

A
  • resistance to blood flow

made by: vascular friction, blood viscosity, turbulence

24
Q

what is hypertension?

A
  • abnormally high blood pressure
25
Q

what is normal blood pressure

A

120/80

26
Q

what 2 ways can force of contraction of the heart be increased

A
  • greater sympathetic nervous stimulation due to the release of more adrenaline/noradrenalin
  • increased heart volume leading to increased stretch of sarcomeres and increased force of contraction (due to training)
27
Q

what is EDV? and what does the frank starling mechanism suggest

A
  • End diastolic volume

- the force of contraction is proportional to length

28
Q

what factors can increase cardiac output

A
  • higher heart rate
  • higher stroke volume
  • training
  • being a male

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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