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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 subdivisions make up amino acid derivatives

A
  • catecholamines

- thyroid hormones

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2
Q

give some examples of peptide hormones

A
  • ADH, oxytocin, the majority
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3
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble

A
  • thyroid hormones and steroid hormones
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4
Q

what are the 3 ways the hypothalamus controls hormone production

A

1) secretion of regulatory hormones into the primary plexus which travels to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2) Neurones from hypothalamus to posterior lobe of pituitary gland cause release of ADH and oxytocin
3) Control and release of catecholamines from the adrenal gland by motor fibres or sympathetic NS

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5
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary lobe

A
  • osmoreceptors and other sensory receptors detect and trigger nervous stimulation in the hypothalamus which travels down to the posterior pituitary lobe where ADH or Oxytocin is secreted into the capillary plexus
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6
Q

what are the hormones released from the posterior pituitary lobe

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

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7
Q

how does ADH affect the body

A
  • ADH targets kidney cells to increase water reabsorption, increasing blood volume/pressure and hydration
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8
Q

how does oxytocin affect the body?

A

women: stimulates labour uterus contractions during childbirth
men: stimulates the smooth muscles in ductus deferens and prostate

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9
Q

what are somatomedins

A
  • growth factor hormones released from liver cells when stimulated by growth hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
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10
Q

what do somatomedins do?

A
  • stimulate tissue growth

- increase amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

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11
Q

what effect can growth hormone directly from the anterior pituitary lobe have?

A
  • it can target liver cells to release somatomedins
  • it can stimulate cell division
  • it can stimulate fat breakdown in adipose cells
  • stimulate liver glycogen breakdown
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12
Q

describe the thyroid gland

A
  • in neck
  • made of 2 lobes connected by the narrow isthmus (like a bowtie)
  • stores and secretes thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine
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13
Q

what do thyroid hormones do and why is this important

A

increase sodium potassium ATPase production

- important for resting potentials and maintaining membrane potentials

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14
Q

Describe how the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones

A
  • there are large follicles in the thyroid gland which contain a protein rich fluid (colloid)
  • when iodine id digested and absorbed it is incorporated with the colloid to make thyroid hormones
  • the thyroid hormone remains stored in the follicles until released
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15
Q

what kind if cell line the follicles in thyroid gland

A
  • cuboidal epithelium follicle cells and they also produce the colloid fluid
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16
Q

what are the effects of thyroid hormones

A
  • increase energy consumption, oxygen consumption and heart rate
  • increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
  • increased red blood cell formation
  • increase bone turn over
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17
Q

what happens when we don’t get enough iodine

A
  • the follicles in the thyroid gland continue expanding with colloid, but none of the protein fluid gets converted to thyroid hormones so the neck looks hugely inflamed and swollen
18
Q

where are C-cells found?

A

between the follicles in the thyroid gland

19
Q

what is the purpose of c-cells

A
  • to produce calcitonin hormones
20
Q

what does calcitonin do

A
  • controls calcium levels for muscle contraction, by telling the body to store it in bones or remove it
  • also stimulates the excretion of calcitonin from the body
21
Q

what is parathyroid hormone and the 3 main effects it has on the body

A

PTH works against calcitonin to keep calcium levels normal, putting calcium in the blood

  • PTH acts on osteocytes to release calcium stored in bones
  • PTH acts on kidneys to increase reabsorption of calcium
  • PTH acts on the gut to increase calcium absorption
22
Q

where are the parathyroid glands found

A
  • there are 4 and all found on the back of the thyroid
23
Q

what is the purpose if chief cells?

A

to produce PTH into the blood when blood calcium levels are low

24
Q

where are the adrenal glands found

A
  • on top of the kidneys
25
Q

describe the structure of the adrenal glands

A
  • inner Medulla
  • outer cortex which consists of 3 layers
    1) most inner - zona reticularis
    2) middle - zona fasciculata
    3) outer- zona glomerulosa
26
Q

what functions do the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland serve

A
  • cortex produces steroid hormones

- medulla produces catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

27
Q

which hormones are produced by each layer of the adrenal cortex

A
  • reticularis, produces androgens (sex hormones)
  • fasciculata, produces glucocorticoids
  • glomerulosa, produces mineralocorticoids
28
Q

what effect do the hormones glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids have

A
  • glucocorticoids, promote glucose synthesis to maintain glucose levels also acts as anti-inflammatory
  • mineralocorticoids control electrolyte homeostasis
29
Q

what does the pineal gland do and how does it work?

A
  • receives information from neurones in the visual pathway, and secretes the hormone melatonin when light levels are low
30
Q

what is the purpose of melatonin and which gland produces it

A
  • to influence the circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)
  • it is also an antioxidant
  • produced by pinealocytes in the pineal gland
31
Q

describe the cellular structure of the pancreas

A
  • the pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland
  • the endocrine tissues are called islets
  • islets contain 2 different types of cells alpha cells and beta cells
32
Q

what is the purpose of alpha cells

A
  • to produce the hormone glucagon when blood glucose levels are low
  • glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and fats to make glucose
33
Q

what is the purpose of beta cells

A
  • to produce insulin when blood glucose levels are high
  • insulin lowers blood glucose levels by letting glucose move into cells, breaking glucose down to make ATP, or by storing glucose as glycogen or fat
34
Q

what are the dangers of a high blood glucose level

A
  • damage to blood vessels, the retina, peripheral nerves and increased risk of cardiovascular disease
35
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A
  • insulin dependent diabetes
  • pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin so injections are needed
  • 5-10% cases start in childhood
36
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes
  • more common in older people especially with obesity
  • insulin is produced but the tissues don’t respond to the hormone
  • to reduce symptoms exercise and diet
37
Q

which hormones are needed for growth

A
  • insulin
  • growth hormones
  • thyroid hormones
  • parathyroid hormones
  • reproductive hormones
38
Q

what are the short term effects of the flight or fight response

A
  • glucose reserves are broken down
  • increase in heart and respiratory rate
  • increase in energy uptake by cells
39
Q

what are the long term effects of the flight or fight response

A
  • glucocorticoids break down fat and muscle to make glucose when glycogen runs out
  • low levels of potassium
40
Q

what happens in the extreme long term after a flight or fight response

A
  • lipid resources run out
  • no electrolyte balance
  • organ failure

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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