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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system made of?

A
  • Hormones and glands
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2
Q

What are all the organs of the endocrine system?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreatic islets
  • testes and ovaries
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3
Q

What different methods are there that cells use to communicate

A
  • Intercellular
  • Paracrine
  • Synaptic
  • Endocrine
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4
Q

what is intercellular communication?

A
  • transport of ions and lipid soluble materials through connexons (gap junctions) to directly adjacent cells
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5
Q

what is paracrine communication

A
  • the use of chemicals (paracrine factors) to stimulate nearby target cells
  • cells secrete paracrine factor into the extracellular fluid, which only affects close by cells where the concentration is high enough
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6
Q

what is synaptic signalling?

A
  • neurons signal across synapses using neurotransmitters which target a very specific group of cells
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7
Q

what is endocrine signalling

A
  • when cells secrete hormones into the blood, and the hormones target receptor cells in other tissues
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8
Q

describe an endocrine gland

A
  • ductless glands made of endocrine cells

- have good blood supply

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9
Q

what are hormones

A
  • organic chemical messengers produced and secreted by endocrine cells and glands
  • bind to specific receptors in target cells
  • stimulate gene expression and protein synthesis
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10
Q 
complete the table for the nervous system
communication method;
target;
response time;
range of effect;
response duration;
A
  • neurotransmitters, nerves
  • glands, muscles, neurones
  • fast
  • localised
  • short term duration
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11
Q 
complete the table for the endocrine system
communication method;
target;
response time;
range of effect;
response duration;
A
  • hormones, blood
  • any cell with the receptor
  • slow
  • widespread
  • long term
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12
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of hormonal action

A
  • non-steroid action

- steroid action

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13
Q

name the 3 divisions of hormones and their subdivisions

A

1) amino acid derivatives
2) peptide hormones
3) lipid derivatives (steroid and eicosanoids)

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14
Q

what type of hormone is the largest

A

peptide hormone

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15
Q

describe non-steroid action

A
  • a non steroid hormone (amino acid derivative/ peptide hormone) acts as a first messenger binding to hormone receptor forming a complex
  • the hormone receptor complex activates an intrinsic G protein
  • the activated G protein activates an intra cellular protein (adenylate cyclase)
  • this converts ATP into cAMP, cAMP activates kinase which has an excitatory effect on the cell
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16
Q

what does the kinase enzyme do?

A
  • adds a phosphate group to other molecules
17
Q

what type of hormone are non steroid hormones

A
  • peptide hormones
  • amino acid derivatives
  • eicosanoids
18
Q

describe the other mechanism where the non-steroid hormone activates PDE

A
  • a non-steroid hormone binds to a hormone receptor forming a complex
  • this hormone receptor compex activates a G protein
  • this G protein activates the intrinsic protein PDE (Phosphodiesterase)
  • PDE converts cAMP into ATP which has an inhibitory effect on the cell
19
Q

how do anabolic steroids work

A
  • these are steroid hormones which have receptors in muscles and stimulate muscle production
20
Q

what are the risks of anabolic steroids

A
  • stunted growth of skeleton and maturation of sexual organs
  • damages liver, cardiovascular and increases cholesterol
  • reduces sperm count, causes baldness and prostate cancer risk in men
  • women get facial hair baldness, stops their menstrual cycle
21
Q

describe steroid action

A
  • steroid hormone diffuses across lipid bilayer
  • it binds to receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm activating or deactivating genes
  • rate of DNA transcription changes in nucleus
  • rate of translation is also affected altering the cells metabolic rate
22
Q

describe how thyroid hormones act

A
  • cross the cell membrane by diffusion or a transport mechanism
  • binds to nuclear or mitochondrial receptors
  • activates specific genes to change the rate of mRNA transcription
  • increasing metabolic activity
23
Q

what eventually happens to free hormones

A
  • remain functional for about an hour

- bind to target receptors or are broken down by liver, kidney or enzymes in blood plasma

24
Q

what eventually happens to thyroid and steroid hormones

A
  • remain in circulation much longer as they are not bound

- nearly all attach to transport proteins

25
Q

what controls the regulation of the endocrine system

A
  • the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
26
Q

describe the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in detail

A
  • hypothalamus is superior to the pituitary gland
  • pituitary gland is made of 2 lobes, the posterior and anterior, and a capillary pathway called the infundibulum joining the 2 organs
27
Q

describe the pathway which ends in the release of stimulating hormones

A
  • the hypothalamus secretes many types of regulatory hormones into the primary plexus
  • this travels down the infundibulum into the secondary plexus in the anterior lobe
  • the hormones then move out of the blood stream into the anterior pituitary lobe stimulating the release of stimulating hormones
28
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • to secrete regulatory hormones into to primary plexus
  • to control the production and release of ADH and oxytocin, stored in the posterior lobe
  • to control sympathetic output to the adrenal glands
29
Q

what is the anterior lobe sectioned into and their jobs

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars distalis (secretes stimulating hormones)
  • pars intermedia (middle bit, secretes MSH)
30
Q

what is the hypophyseal portal system and describe it

A
  • the blood supply to the pituitary and hypothalamus
  • superior hypophyseal artery runs into the hypothalamus, forming the primary plexus, which runs into the anterior lobe forming the secondary plexus and leaves
  • the inferior hypophyseal artery enters the posterior pituitary lobe and leaves
  • both leave as hypophyseal veins
31
Q

how does the endocrine system rely on a negative feedback system

A
  • once a stimulating hormone released from the anterior lobe reaches a target organ, the target organ releases hormones for a target cell
  • this secondary hormone travels via the blood supply and inhibits the production of the stimulating hormone and releasing hormone

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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