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Biology > The Nature And Variety Of Iiving Organisms (T1) > Flashcards

The Nature And Variety Of Iiving Organisms (T1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Bio means…

A

Life and living things

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1
Q

Ology means…

A

The study of

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2
Q

Generally, what two categories can things be split into?

A
  • living

- non-living

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3
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A
  • movement
  • reproduction
  • sensitivity
  • growth
  • respiration
  • excretion
  • nutrition

MRS. GREN

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4
Q

What is sometimes added as an 8th characteristic of life?

A

Control - the ability to control internal conditions

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5
Q

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘movement’…

A

Both animals and plants move. Animals through their muscles and plants through growth and reacting to stimuli such as sunlight.

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6
Q

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘reproduction’…

A

All animals and plants reproduce.

Plants produce seeds which give rise to more of their species.

Broadly speaking there are two main types of reproduction..

  • sexual reproduction, when two parents come together along with the union of two gametes
  • asexual reproduction, when one parent reproduces itself
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7
Q

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘sensitivity’…

A
  • both animals and plants have an awareness of internal conditions and external environments.
  • animals in general react quickly to external stimuli like heat and touch
  • plants react slowly to stimuli such as sunlight
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8
Q

Give an example of a plant that reacts quickly to touch…

A

The Venus flytrap

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9
Q

Describe the characteristic ‘growth’…

A

The increase in size and mass of plants and animals as they age / mature / feed

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10
Q

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘respiration’…

A
  • the process of unlocking or transferring energy from food
  • it is the breakdown of glucose using oxygen to produce energy
  • the energy is then used to drive further chemical reactions
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11
Q

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘excretion’…

A

The process of getting rid of metabolic waste produced by the body (eg: urine and carbon dioxide)

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12
Q

Getting rid of faeces is NOT excretion. What is is?

A

Egestion

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13
Q

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘nutrition’…

A
  • animals and plants need food for energy
  • plants feed by process of photosynthesis
  • animals rely on eating other plants or animals
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14
Q

Plants also have organs - give four examples…

A
  • leaves
  • roots
  • stems
  • flowers
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15
Q

Name the seven main organ systems in the human body…

A
  • digestive system
  • respiratory system
  • circulatory system
  • excretory system
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
  • reproductive system
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16
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms of living organisms?

A
  • animals
  • plants
  • fungi
  • protoctists
  • bacteria
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17
Q

Why are viruses not categorised as ‘living’?

A
  • until they invade a host they cannot be classified as living
  • they are described as being on the threshold of life
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18
Q

Are plants unicellular or multicellular?

A

All plants are multicellular

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19
Q

Due to plant’s method of photosynthesis, they are described as what kind of feeders?

A

Autotrophic feeders

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20
Q

What are the two main types of plants?

A
  • flowering plants, like cereals, herbaceous legumes and conifers
  • green plants such as algae, ferns and mosses
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21
Q

As animals feed in other organisms, they are known as what kind of feeders?

A

Heterotrophic feeders

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22
Q

How do animals usually achieve movement amongst and other such functions?

A

Through nervous communication - communications between neurons in the nervous system

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23
Q

In what form do animals store carbohydrates in their cells?

A

Animals store carbohydrates in the cells as the compound glycogen

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24
Q

Animals are unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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25
Q

What are the six groups of animals?

A
  • invertebrates
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
26
Q

Describe invertebrates…

A

Animals with no backbone, such as sponges, inspects, segmented worms etc…

27
Q

Describe fish…

A

They breathe using gills under water and have no limbs

28
Q

Describe amphibians…

A

Vertebrates (have a spine) and generally lay eggs in water

29
Q

Describe reptiles…

A

Cold blooded vertebrates, distinguished from amphibians by their scales and their ability to lay hard shelled amniotic eggs

30
Q

Describe birds…

A

Have feathers, bills and can usually fly

31
Q

Describe mammals…

A

Distinguished from reptiles and birds by hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands (in females) and the region of the brain called the Neo Cortex

32
Q

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?

A

Can be unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (mushrooms and toadstools)

33
Q

What substance is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

A substance called chitin

34
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

They secrete digestive enzymes onto food materials then absorb the organic product

35
Q

What kind of feeders are fungi known as?

A

Saprotrophic feeders

36
Q

What are the enzymes that are secreted our of fungi cells for saprotrophic nutrition known as?

A

Extracellular enzymes

37
Q

What is the hyphae?

A

A network of threadlike filaments under the soil, beneath and connected to mushrooms and toadstools

38
Q

What is often the reproductive structure of mushrooms and toadstools?

A

Quite often the mushrooms or toadstools themselves

39
Q

What is a whole network of hyphae called?

A

The mycelium

40
Q

How can fungi store carbohydrates?

A

Fungi can store carbohydrates as glycogen

41
Q

Where is the hyphae located on mould?

A

A mould is like a mushroom without its fruiting body and just consists of the network of hyphae

42
Q

Instead of seeds, how do fungi reproduce?

A

Using spores

43
Q

What are protoctists?

A
  • sometimes known as ‘the Dustbin Kingdom’
  • a mixed group of organisms with no distinct identity
  • microscopic single-called organisms
  • can exists either on their own or in cell colonies
44
Q

Briefly describe and give examples of two different types of protoctists…

A
  • some, like the amoeba, have features similar to animal cells. These are known as Protozoa.
  • others, like chlorella, have chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis. These are known as algae.
45
Q

Give an example of a pathogenic protoctista…

A

Plasmodium, which causes malaria

46
Q

Algae are usually unicellular, but give an example of when they can be multicellular

A

Some species of algae like seaweeds are multicellular and can grow to a great size

47
Q

Describe bacteria…

A
  • small single-called organisms
  • bacteria cells are much smaller than those of animals, plants or protoctists and have a much simpler structure
  • all bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex chemicals made of polysaccharides and proteins
  • some species have another layer outside the cell wall called a capsule or slime layer
  • have no nucleus, but instead DNA is in a single chromosome, loose in the cytoplasm, forming a circular loop
48
Q

How do bacteria feed?

A

Some can photosynthesise, but most feed on living or dead organisms

49
Q

What are flagella (singular - flagellum) ?

A

Structures that allow some bacteria cells to swim, by corkscrew type movements

50
Q

Give an idea of how small bacteria are…

A
  • a typical animal cell is approx 10um to 50um in diameter

- a typical bacteria is only 1 to 5um in length

51
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  • spheres
  • rods
  • spirals
52
Q

3/4 of all known bacteria contain small circular rings of DNA. What are they called?

A

Plasmids

53
Q

Give two examples of bacteria…

A
  • lactobacillus bulgaricus is rod shaped and used in the production of yoghurt from milk
  • pneumococcus is spherical and acts as a pathogen causing pneumonia
54
Q

Describe viruses…

A
  • parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells
  • have no cellular structure, but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid; DNA or RNA
  • sometimes a membrane called an envelope may surround a virus particle but the virus steals this from the surface membrane of a host cell
55
Q

How big are virus cells?

A

Around 0.01 and 0.1um in diameter

56
Q

How does a virus reproduce?

A
  • enters a host cell
  • takes over the hosts genetic machinery to make more virus particles
  • once enough particles have been made the host cell dies
  • the virus particles are released to infect more cells
57
Q

Usually the immune system destroys an invading virus and the person survives, but sometimes the virus destroys the immune system itself. Give example…

A

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) which eventually causes the disease AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

58
Q

Describe a virus which infects plant cells…

A

The tobacco mosaic virus, which interferes with the ability of the tobacco plant to make chloroplasts, causing mottled patches on the leaves

59
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

60
Q

What type of cells can pathogens be?

A

They can be bacteria, viruses, protoctists and sometimes fungi

61
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Pathogens are passed into the body in a weakened form, just enough to create enough white blood cells to protect the body from the disease

62
Q

Give some examples of pathogens…

A
  • influenza
  • athlete’s foot (fungi)
  • the bacteria that causes cholera
  • plasmodium, the protoctista that causes malaria

Biology (69 decks)

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