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CIE Biology A1 > The Mitotic cell cycle > Flashcards

The Mitotic cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

telomere

A

protective sequences of nucleotides found at ends of chromosomes, shortening every time a cell divides.

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2
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme allowing replenishment of telomeres

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3
Q

chromosome structure

A

double structure, made of two identical chromatids (each containing one dna molecule), centromere holds the two chromatids together, telomeres are at ends

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4
Q

chromatin

A

mixture of proteins and dna

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5
Q

histones

A

proteins which dna wraps around to prevent tangling

packaging proteins

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6
Q

why do histones react easily with dna?

A

they are basic and so react with acidic dna

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7
Q

nucleosome

A

a cylindrical shape made up of 8 histones with which dna wraps itself around (5/3 turns). dna inbetween is held in place by histone molecules. can be coiled and supercoiled.

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8
Q

2 forms of chromatin

A

euchromatin and heterochromatin

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9
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely coiled chromatin (seen between divisions)

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10
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly coiled chromatin (seen at nuclear division)
mostly inactive genes.
stains more densely

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11
Q

when is chromatin most condensed

A

metaphase so is easier to separate into 2 new cells

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12
Q

mitosis

A

cell division producing 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei, each containing same number of chromosomes as parent

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13
Q

cell cycle stages

A

interphase
nuclear division
cell division

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14
Q

interphase

A

cell grows and performs normal function, synthesising proteins and other substances.

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15
Q

2 types of nuclear division

A

mitosis

meiosis

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16
Q

cell cycle

A

regular sequence of events that takes place between one cell division and the next

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17
Q

what happens in the s phase

A

(s=synthesis of dna)

dna replication, forming 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere

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18
Q

what happens in the G1 phase

A

(interphase)
cellular contents, except chromosomes, duplicated
cell makes RNA, enzymes and other proteins needed for growth

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19
Q

what happens in the G2 phase

A

cell checks the duplicated chromosomes to make repair, continues with function and prepares for division

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20
Q

mitosis acronym

A

IPMAT

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

when the cytoplasm is constricted between 2 nuclei

and in plant cell, cell wall is laid down equator

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22
Q

mitosis importance

A

allows for growth of multicellular organisms from unicellular zygotes
replacement and repair of damaged tissue
asexual reproduction
immune response (clonal proliferation of white blood cells)

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23
Q

how many daughter cells are produced in meiosis

haploid/diploid?

A

4

haploid

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24
Q

differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

meiosis has 4 haploid daughter and mitosis 2 diploid
meiosis has 2 divisions while mitosis has 1
mitosis genetically identical daughters while meiosis has genetically different daughter cells

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25
Q

how are genes on a chromosome structured

A

start sequence
exon (coding region)
intron (noncoding region)
stop sequence

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26
Q

exon

A

coding region of dna

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27
Q

intron

A

non-coding region of dna

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28
Q

reproduction via mitosis

A

simple eukaryotic organisms reproduce mitotically via budding in which daughter cell buds off of parent cell

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29
Q

method of reproduction for prokaryotes

A

binary fission

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30
Q

proportion of cell’s time in interphase

A

90%

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31
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

32
Q

m phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

33
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell destruction

34
Q

repeated sequence of telomerase in humans

how many times is it repeated

A

TTAGGG

repeated 2500 times

35
Q

interphase

A

replicates dna

centrosome, composed of 2 centrioles is also replicated

36
Q

early prophase

A

nuclear membrane breaks down
dna condenses into chromosomes
centrioles move to opposite poles of cell

37
Q

late proteins

A

chromosomes appear w centromeres

spindle fibres form (microtubules and proteins)

38
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibres attach to chromosomes or span the cell

chromosomes line up along equator of cell

39
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibres shorten, pulling to opposite poles of cell

40
Q

late anaphase

A

other spindle fibres lengthen, causing cell to elongate

41
Q

telophase

A

2 new nuclei form, cleavage forms between 2 new cells

42
Q

origin of spindle fibres

A

centrosome

43
Q

cytokinesis in plants

A

cell plate is formed via vesicles derived from the Golgi joining to form cell wall

44
Q

cytokinesis in animals

A

ring of microtubules gather in center of cell and form a cleavage furrow which inverts to separate

45
Q

Cells in meristem

A

Totipotnet and undifferentiated

46
Q

Mitosis in plants

A

Occur in meristem

Divide, elongate and specialise

47
Q

Root cap

A

Protects the growing tip of root behind, undergoing cell division to replace lost cells

48
Q

mitotic index

A

ratio of cells in mitosis to the number of cells counted

Number of cells in mitosis/number of cells counted

49
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells found in multicellular organisms characterised by properties of self-renewal and potency

50
Q

how do stem cells specialise

A

develop from a multipotent cell which divides to produce a daughter stem cell and precursor cell (lymphoid/myeloid)

51
Q

3 types of stem cell

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

52
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into all cells in an organism

53
Q

pluripotent

A

give rise to any cells of the body, except extra-embryonic cells

54
Q

multipotent

A

adult stem cells giving rise to limited number of cell types, related to tissue of origin.

55
Q

self-renewal

A

the ability to divide many times while maintaining unspecialised state

56
Q

potency

A

the ability to differentiate into specialised cells

57
Q

skin regions

A

epidermis

dermis

58
Q

epidermis

A

layered barrier

59
Q

dermis

A

supports and nourishes the epidermis

60
Q

keratinocytes

A

skin cells w life cycle of 4 weeks, formed by division of stem cells at basal layer, differentiating to form layers of the epidermis.

61
Q

keratinised layer

A

flattened layer of dead cells covered w waterproof keratin

62
Q

granuled layer

A

layers of cells containing granules of keratin

63
Q

prickle cell layer

A

polyhedral cell layer tightly bound so appear spiky

64
Q

checkpoint

A

a critical regulatory point in the cell cycle

65
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

cell size must be large enough
availability of sufficient nutrients
signals from other cells received
if not, will enter an arrested phase (G0)

66
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

cell size
chromosomes replicated
proteins synthesised

67
Q

metaphase checkpoint

A

all chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle at correct tension
cyclin b degraded, sister chromatids separate
moves on to anaphase

68
Q

3 checkpoints

A

g1
g2
metaphase

69
Q

whats entry into the cell phase controlled by?

A

cyclin B, reaching concentration peak at g2-m phase boundary

70
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

71
Q

formation of cancer cells

A

mutations caused by mutagens caused cells controlling cell growth and replication to turn into oncogenes. can be ruled out by checkpoints however tend to evade checkpoints and divide rapidly

72
Q

carcinogens

A

mutagens that cause cancer

73
Q

benign tumors

A

harmless

formation matched by cell death

74
Q

malignant tumours

A

primary tumour, encouraging capillary formation, providing w more nutrients

75
Q

metastasis

A

new capillary route for malignant cells to break away from primary tumour to other body parts

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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