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CIE Biology A1 > T9 gas exchange and smoking > Flashcards

T9 gas exchange and smoking Flashcards

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1
Q

respiratory system consists of

A

nasal and mouth passages
epithelial tubes and tissues of the lungs
muscles of diaphragm and ribcage

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2
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus which traps dust and microorganisms

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3
Q

ciliated epithelial cells

A

sweep mucus towards throat to be swallowed

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4
Q

rings of cartilage

A

support the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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5
Q

what happens as airway size increases

A

less cartilage and smooth muscle lines the airways

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6
Q

alveolar epithelial cells

A

site for gas exchange in the lungs

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7
Q

trachea

A

transfers air to the lungs

strengthened with cartilage

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8
Q

bronchioles

A

branch from the bronchi and divide into smaller branches as cartilage decreases.

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9
Q

bronchi

A

trachea division into two, supported by the cartilage

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10
Q

are both lungs the same size?

A

no, right is larger than the left

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11
Q

alveoli adaptations

A

large surface area
deflate after each breath out
phospholipid surfactant decreases surface tension and so prevents collapse

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12
Q

surfactant

A

phospholipid produced by type 2 pneumocytyes

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13
Q

gas exchange membrane

A

layered junction between alveolar epithelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells and basement membranes. gases move freely across this via diffusion

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14
Q

why does the epithelium become thinner in the respiratory zone

A

because the diffusion pathway must narrow in order to increase efficiency of gas exchange.

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15
Q

why is the alveoli and lung tissue made out of elastic tissue

A

as the alveoli requires recoil and expansion in order to assist breathing.

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16
Q

how does ventilation occur

A

antagonistic muscle pairs provide opposing actions in the generation of movement through that of alternate contraction and relaxation

17
Q

examples of antagonistic muscle pairs

A

external and internal intercostal muscles

diaphragm and abdominals

18
Q

inspiration

A

increasing thoracic volume, decreasing lung pressure, drawing air into the lungs
external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
ribcage expands and moves up

19
Q

expiration

A

passive process in which external intercostal and diaphragm relax, decreasing thoracic volume and increasing pressure, leads to recoil of lung tissue

20
Q

which muscles assist forced breathing

A

abdominals and internal intercostal muscles

21
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

persistent inflammatory disease causing obstructed airflow

22
Q

what is COPD

A

permanent damage to the airways, resulting in chronic symptoms and limited treatment
leads to higher risk of heart failure due to lack of oxygen, requires long-term oxygen therapy

23
Q

economic impact of COPD

A

many lost working days

strain on health services

24
Q

personal impact of COPD

A

shortened lifespan, stress on you and family, chronic symptoms require a change in lifestyle

25
Q

risks associated with tobacco smoking

A 
COPD
nicotine addiction
cancer
chronic CV and respiratory diseases
heart disease
increased risk of mouth, throat, lip and lung cancer
decreased lung capacity
26
Q

lung cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells

27
Q

chronic bronchitis

symptoms?

A

excess mucus blocking airways, causing inflammation and infection
persistent cough

28
Q

emphysema

A

narrowing of small airways and lung tissue/ capillary breakdown
leads to air pocket formation which decreases gas exchange

29
Q

tar effects

A

damages teeth and gums
desensitises taste buds
accumulates in lung tissue
dna mutations in the epithelial lung cells&raquo_space; cell proliferation and tumour formation

30
Q

chronic

A

having persisted for a long time or constantly recurrent

31
Q

symptoms of COPD

A

shortness of breath, cough, chronic bronchitis, emphysema,

32
Q

nicotine effects

A 
addictive
constricts arteries
increased BP and HR
mobilises fat stores
increased metabolic rate
33
Q

carbon monoxide effects

A

toxic
displaces oxygen from haemoglobin
decreased oxygen content of the blood

34
Q

short-term effects of nicotine

A

enters bloodstream and reaches brain, stimulating release of messengers that stimulate the reward centre and raises HR/BP
brain cell death due to impaired blood flow can result
blood vessel constriction drops skin temp
rise in CO levels in lungs contributes to breathlessness

35
Q

long term effects of nicotine

A

increase viscosity of the blood
increased risk of fatty plaque build-up in the coronary and carotid arteries
increased risk of heart attack/stroke

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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