T9 gas exchange and smoking

Question 1

respiratory system consists of

Answer 1

nasal and mouth passages
epithelial tubes and tissues of the lungs
muscles of diaphragm and ribcage

Question 2

goblet cells

Answer 2

produce mucus which traps dust and microorganisms

Question 3

ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 3

sweep mucus towards throat to be swallowed

Question 4

rings of cartilage

Answer 4

support the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 5

what happens as airway size increases

Answer 5

less cartilage and smooth muscle lines the airways

Question 6

alveolar epithelial cells

Answer 6

site for gas exchange in the lungs

Question 7

trachea

Answer 7

transfers air to the lungs

strengthened with cartilage

Question 8

bronchioles

Answer 8

branch from the bronchi and divide into smaller branches as cartilage decreases.

Question 9

bronchi

Answer 9

trachea division into two, supported by the cartilage

Question 10

are both lungs the same size?

Answer 10

no, right is larger than the left

Question 11

alveoli adaptations

Answer 11

large surface area
deflate after each breath out
phospholipid surfactant decreases surface tension and so prevents collapse

Question 12

surfactant

Answer 12

phospholipid produced by type 2 pneumocytyes

Question 13

gas exchange membrane

Answer 13

layered junction between alveolar epithelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells and basement membranes. gases move freely across this via diffusion

Question 14

why does the epithelium become thinner in the respiratory zone

Answer 14

because the diffusion pathway must narrow in order to increase efficiency of gas exchange.

Question 15

why is the alveoli and lung tissue made out of elastic tissue

Answer 15

as the alveoli requires recoil and expansion in order to assist breathing.

Question 16

how does ventilation occur

Answer 16

antagonistic muscle pairs provide opposing actions in the generation of movement through that of alternate contraction and relaxation

Question 17

examples of antagonistic muscle pairs

Answer 17

external and internal intercostal muscles

diaphragm and abdominals

Question 18

inspiration

Answer 18

increasing thoracic volume, decreasing lung pressure, drawing air into the lungs
external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
ribcage expands and moves up

Question 19

expiration

Answer 19

passive process in which external intercostal and diaphragm relax, decreasing thoracic volume and increasing pressure, leads to recoil of lung tissue

Question 20

which muscles assist forced breathing

Answer 20

abdominals and internal intercostal muscles

Question 21

COPD

Answer 21

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

persistent inflammatory disease causing obstructed airflow

Question 22

what is COPD

Answer 22

permanent damage to the airways, resulting in chronic symptoms and limited treatment
leads to higher risk of heart failure due to lack of oxygen, requires long-term oxygen therapy

Question 23

economic impact of COPD

Answer 23

many lost working days

strain on health services

Question 24

personal impact of COPD

Answer 24

shortened lifespan, stress on you and family, chronic symptoms require a change in lifestyle

Question 25

risks associated with tobacco smoking

Answer 25

``` COPD nicotine addiction cancer chronic CV and respiratory diseases heart disease increased risk of mouth, throat, lip and lung cancer decreased lung capacity ```

Question 26

lung cancer

Answer 26

uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells

Question 27

chronic bronchitis | symptoms?

Answer 27

excess mucus blocking airways, causing inflammation and infection persistent cough

Question 28

emphysema

Answer 28

narrowing of small airways and lung tissue/ capillary breakdown leads to air pocket formation which decreases gas exchange

Question 29

tar effects

Answer 29

damages teeth and gums desensitises taste buds accumulates in lung tissue dna mutations in the epithelial lung cells >> cell proliferation and tumour formation

Question 30

chronic

Answer 30

having persisted for a long time or constantly recurrent

Question 31

symptoms of COPD

Answer 31

shortness of breath, cough, chronic bronchitis, emphysema,

Question 32

nicotine effects

Answer 32

``` addictive constricts arteries increased BP and HR mobilises fat stores increased metabolic rate ```

Question 33

carbon monoxide effects

Answer 33

toxic displaces oxygen from haemoglobin decreased oxygen content of the blood

Question 34

short-term effects of nicotine

Answer 34

enters bloodstream and reaches brain, stimulating release of messengers that stimulate the reward centre and raises HR/BP brain cell death due to impaired blood flow can result blood vessel constriction drops skin temp rise in CO levels in lungs contributes to breathlessness

Question 35

long term effects of nicotine

Answer 35

increase viscosity of the blood increased risk of fatty plaque build-up in the coronary and carotid arteries increased risk of heart attack/stroke