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CIE Biology A1 > PLANT TRANSPORT > Flashcards

PLANT TRANSPORT Flashcards

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1
Q

2 transport systems of plants

A

Phloem (transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant) and Xylem (moving water and mineral ions from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant)

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2
Q

2 types of flowering plants

A

xylemmonocytelodonous

dicotyledonous

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3
Q

monocytelodonous

A

plants w long, narrow leaves

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4
Q

dicotyledonous

A

plants w stalks

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5
Q

petiole

A

stalk

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6
Q

components of xylem tissue

A

vessel elements/ tracheids
sclerenchyma fibres
parernchyma cells

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7
Q

xylem vessel elements

A

hollow, dead cells arranged end-to-end with a large lumen and lignified cell walls, aiding in the mass flow of water

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8
Q

lignin function

A

impermeable to water, preventing leakage

strong, providing strength to the vessel and preventing collapse under negative pressure

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9
Q

pits function

A

(original plasmodesmata in living cells) allow lateral movement of water between vessels

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10
Q

tracheids

A

narrower, dead and hollow cells which are tapered at the end.
have pits within walls

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11
Q

mineral ions transported by xylem

A

magnesium (Mg 2+) used in photosynthesis for chlorophyll

nitrate (NO3-) required for synthesis of organic compounds

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12
Q

root hairs

A

have large sa for osmosis and ion active transport

found just behind root tip.

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13
Q

How does water enter the root hair cell?

A

osmosis, down a water potential gradient

moves from root hairs to cortex to xylem over gradient

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14
Q

why does the cytoplasm and cell sap have a lower water potential?

A

as they have larger quantities of inorganic ions and dissolved organic molecules pumped in via active transport)

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15
Q

symplast pathway

A

the movement of water through the cytoplasm and vacuoles via plasmodesmata

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16
Q

apoplast pathway

A

the flow of water through the cell walls of the plant without entering the cells themselves (due to cohesive properties of water

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17
Q

suberin

A

waterproof substance in the cell walls of the endodermis

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18
Q

casparian strip

A

impermeable barrier caused by lining of suberin, forcing water to move via the apoplast way

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19
Q

passage cells

A

cells without suberin lining, of which the symplast pathway can occur

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20
Q

transpiration stream

A

movement of water up the plant, due to the cohesive properties of water.

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21
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from a plant to its environment via diffusion down a water potential gradient via stomata in the leaves as a consequence of gas exchange

22
Q

why are internal spaces in the leaf moist?

A

they act as a gas exchange surface

23
Q

cohesion

A

the attraction of water molecules to one another due to hydrogen bonding

24
Q

adhesion

A

the attraction of water molecules to other surfaces due to cellulose in the xylem walls

25
Q

transpiration pull

A

removal of water from the top of the xylem vessels creates tension on the columns of water in the xylem, pulling it up via cohesion.
COHESION TENSION THEORY

26
Q

transpiration stream

A

the mass flow of water up the xylem from the roots to the leaves

27
Q

Is the cohesion tension theory active or passive?

A

passive

28
Q

air lock

A

when air gets into the xylem columns, preventing the upward movement

29
Q

root pressure

A

active transport of solutes into the root xylem vessels, lowering water potential, meaning water moves into the xylem vessels via osmosis, increasing hydrostatic pressure in the xylem vessel.

30
Q

capillary action

A

the movement of fluid up a narrow tube

aids transport, w cellulose and lignin helping adhesion.

31
Q

factors affecting transpiration rate

A 
humidity
wind speed
temp
light intensity
drought
32
Q

humidity effect on transpiration

A

low humidity, steeper gradient, faster transpiration

33
Q

wind speed effect on transpiration

A

wind removes humidity, therefore increasing gradient.

34
Q

temp effect on transpiration

A

higher temps increase the KE of water molecules so that rate of transpiration increases.

35
Q

drought effect on transpiration

A

releases stress hormones such as ABA which close stomata, preventing transpiration so as to reduce water loss.

36
Q

xerophytic adaptations

A 
rolled leaves (produced by hinge cells)
stomata (in sunken pits)
thick waxy cuticle
trichomes
multiple layers of epidermal cells
spines as leaves
water storage in stems
root systems (shallow or deep)
37
Q

phloem components

A

sieve tube elements
companion cells
parenchyma
fibres

38
Q

sieve tube elements

A

elongated living cells joined end to end with certain organelles missing and a cellulose cell wall (no lignin)
separated by sieve plates w pores which can be blocked

39
Q

do sieve tube elements have lignin

A

NO

40
Q

callose

A

a carbohydrate which blocks sieve tube plates when they are damaged

41
Q

companion cells

A

living cells w normal organelles, connected to sieve tube elements via plasmodesmata, acting together as a metabolically active unit.

42
Q

difference between xylem and phloem vessel elements

A

xylem are dead while phloem are alive
xylem cell walls are lignified while phloem are not
xylem have no cell contents while sieve tubes have a cytoplasm
xylem vessels have no end walls while phloem have sieve plates
xylem withstand high negative pressure while phloem withstands high positive pressure

43
Q

translocation

A

the mass flow of organic solutes in the phloem from source to sinks.

44
Q

which way does translocation occur?

A

both direction as technically whole plant is a sink

45
Q

how does sucrose get into the phloem?

A

companion cells actively load sucrose into the phloem with a cotransporter protein.
Hydrogen ions are actively pumped out of companion cells into its cell wall with ATP before diffusing back into the companion cell down a concentration gradient.
sucrose then diffuses into the sieve tube elements via the plasmodesmata linking the cells before moving across the leaf in the apoplastic pathway.

46
Q

process of phloem mass flow

A

organic solutes are actively loaded into phloem from source, decreasing water potential of sap, meaning water moves into sieve tube elements via osmosis, increasing hydrostatic pressure.

47
Q

transport of solute particles from source to sink

A

solute is actively transported into sieve elements, decreasing water potential, meaning water moves into the sieve elements due to low water potential.
at sink, solute particles are actively transported out of sieve elements, producing a high water potential which causes water to leave, reducing hydrostatic pressure in the phloem.

48
Q

why is the hydrostatic pressure gradient needed?

A

causes sap to flow from high to low pressure with solutes, creating a mass flow.
sucrose will be converted into other substances to maintain a concentration gradient.

49
Q

vascular bundles in dicotyledonous plants

A

located in a ring towards the outer edge of the stem

50
Q

monocotyledonous plant vascular bundles location

A

scattered randomly around stem

51
Q

mechanisms of phloem

A

active transport to load sugar into the phloem tissue

and osmosis to follow sugar into the phloem

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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