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CIE Biology A1 > infectious diseases > Flashcards

infectious diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

disease

A

an illness or disorder of the body or mind that leads to poor health, each associated with a set of signs and symptoms.

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2
Q

infectious disease

A

disease caused by pathogens

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3
Q

non-infectious diseases

A

disease not caused by pathogens. including genetic disease, cardiovascular, deficiency and mental diseases.

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4
Q

ENDEMIC

A

a disease that is permanent in a particular region or popuation

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5
Q

epidemic

A

a disease that appears suddenly and spreads rapidly across a population/area

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6
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that spreads wider, as far as international

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7
Q

incidence

A

the number of people who are diagnosed within a certain time period

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8
Q

prevalence

A

the number of people with the specific disease at any one time

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9
Q

mortality

A

the number of people who die of the disease.

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10
Q

retrovirus

A

a virus that reverse transcribes RNA into DNA within the host chromosomes using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing the integration of the retroviral dna into the human dna

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11
Q

t-helper cells

A

white blood cells produced by the body to activate the immune system in response to a pathogen

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12
Q

HIV modes of transmission

A

semen/vaginal fluid during sex
blood
vertical

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13
Q

HIV global distribution

A

worldwide, particularly Africa and SE Asia

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14
Q

incubation period

A

few weeks up to 10 years

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15
Q

site of pathogen action

A

T-helper lymphocytes, macrophages, brain cells

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16
Q

clinical features of HIV

A

flu-like symptoms and then nothing.

weakens immune system to pneumonia, TB, dementia, vomiting etc

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17
Q

diagnosis of HIV

A

testing blood, saliva, urine for HIV antibodies

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18
Q

HIV treatment

A

drug combination, interrupting reverse transcription of virus
AZT + 2 protease inhibitors)

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19
Q

why hasn’t a HIV vaccine been invented yet?

A

because continually changes antigens

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20
Q

prevention of HIV

A

encouragement of male circumcision/faithfulness
education on cause and effects of infection
free provision of barrier contraceptive methods and sterile needles
screen blood from donors

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21
Q

control of HIV

A 
contact tracing
funding of testing/drug supply
drug therapy
vaccine research
bottle-feed HIV mother's children
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22
Q

Tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

mycobacterium bovis

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23
Q

TB modes of transmission

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread by droplets in the air when an infected person coughs
m bovis via uncooked meat and unpasteurised milk (originally given to cows by badgers)

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24
Q

global distribution of TB

A

worldwide

25
Q

incubation period

A

few weeks to several years

26
Q

site of action

A

primary infection in lungs, secondary in lymph nodes, bones and gut

27
Q

clinical features of TB

A

racking cough, coughing blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, sweating, weight loss

28
Q

diagnosis of TB

A

sputum examination, chest x ray,

29
Q

problems w TB prevention

A

many show no symptoms until your immune system is compromised.
bacteria have lipid-rich walls, preventing them from drying out so that they last long
prevalent in developing countries w poorer living conditions (overcrowded and ill-ventilated
immigration has brought back to UK
strains have developed resistance to the drugs, further increased by partial treatment

30
Q

prevention of TB

A 
streptomycin antibiotics
contact tracing 
patient isolation
BCG vaccine
combination of 4 drugs
31
Q

malaria

A

plasmodium malariae protoctist

32
Q

process of malaria vector transmission

A

female anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected person (to gain protein to lay eggs), taking pathogen gametes with it, before they fuse in gut to form infective stages which are passed on through the salivary glands with the anticoagulant, multiplying in an uninfected person’s bloodstream

33
Q

methods of transmission of malaria

A

vector of female anopheles mosquito, blood transfusions, unsterile needles, vertically

34
Q

malaria global distribution

A

tropics and subtropics

35
Q

incubation period malaria

A

one week to a year

36
Q

malaria site of action

A

liver, red blood cells, brain

37
Q

malaria clinical features

A

vomiting, nausea, fever, anaemia, muscle pain, shivering, sweating, enlarged spleen

38
Q

malaria diagnosis

A

blood examination/ dipstick test

39
Q

malaria treatment

A

anti-malarial drugs acting as prophylactics
chloroquine prevents protein synthesis and so parasitic spread
proguanil inhibits sexual reproduction of plasmodium

40
Q

problems w malaria treatment

A 
drug-resistance
insecticide resistance
expensive
loss of immunity made villages more vulnerable
migration of people
climate change 
vaccine development difficulty
insecticides mess w food chain, having knock-on effects on wildlife
41
Q

prevention of malaria

A

reduction in numbers of mosquitoes via oil spreading, draining ditches, biological control, fish stockponds, BT toxin,
prevention of biting via mosquito nets sprayed w insecticides/ lack of skin exposure

42
Q

cholera

A

bacterium vibrio cholerae

43
Q

transmission of cholera

A

food/water borne

acquired in faeces contaminated water sources, fly-contaminated food, raw shellfish

44
Q

cholera incubation

A

2 hours to five days

45
Q

cholera site of action

A

small intestine walls

multiplies and attaches itself to epithelial membrane before releasing choleragen toxin, triggering ion and water loss

46
Q

cholera clinical features

A

severe diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, dehydration and weakness

47
Q

cholera diagnosis

A

faeces analysis

48
Q

cholera global distribution

A

endemic in Africa, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, central/south America

49
Q

cholera treatment

A

oral rehydration therapy
IV
glucose drinks enable further absorption of ions into gut
fluid intake matching fluid loss so as to maintain osmotic balance

50
Q

choleragen structure

A

2 protein complex (A sub-unit and 5 B sub-units).
B is the binding protein which attaches the complex to a glycolipid on the cell surface membrane. A subunit is the enzyme that activates other membrane enzymes, causing the secretion of chloride ions into the gut lumen and inhibits sodium ion uptake

51
Q

cholera prevention

A

irrigation of vegetables w clean water and improvement of sanitation
vaccine is short-term and ineffective

52
Q

MEASLES

A

retrovirus called morbillivirus

53
Q

measles transmission

A

droplets when infected sneezes/coughs

54
Q

measles incubation

A

10-14 days before rash appear and fever develops

55
Q

measles site

A

respiratory mucous membranes, lymph glands, upper-respiratory tract

56
Q

measles clinical features

A

red and light-sensitive eyes, fever, rash, white spots in mouth and throat
can lead to pneumonia, encephalitis, hepatitis or blindness

57
Q

measles treatment

A

pain and fever reducing medication
anti-viral medication if complications occur
bed-rest
medicine

58
Q

measles distribution

A

worldwide

59
Q

measles prevention

A

prior vaccine (MMR vaccine comprised of 3 attenuated strains and later boosters)

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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