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CIE Biology A1 > T18 Biodiversity, Classification and Conservation > Flashcards

T18 Biodiversity, Classification and Conservation Flashcards

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1
Q

species

A

group of organisms- similar morphology/ physiology. can reproduce to produce fertile offspring/ reproductively isolated.

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2
Q

habitat

A

where an organism, a population or community lives, defined by physical features/ abiotic characteristics.

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3
Q

population

A

all organisms in same species in a place, interbreeding.

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4
Q

community

A

all living organisms, all species, found in particular ecosystem at a particular time.

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5
Q

environment

A

factors affecting organisms in ecosystem, comprising of abiotic/ biotic.

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6
Q

ecosystem

A

self-contained, interacting community of organisms and environment they live and they interact.

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7
Q

ecological niche

A

role of an organism in the ecosystem

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8
Q

fundamental niche

A

niche an organism can occupy without competition.

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9
Q

realised niche

A

the niche an organism actually occupies in an ecosystem (w competition)

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10
Q

resource partitioning and competition

A

broad niche w one species that can be sectioned into two niches. intra-specific competition results in populations becoming more specialised to a particular aspect of the resource. if the population stops interbreeding then two new species will result.

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11
Q

abiotic factors

A

soil, atmosphere, water

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12
Q

biotic factors

A

producers, consumers, detrivores, decomposers

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13
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of ecosystems and species in an area and the genetic diversity within a species.

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14
Q

species richness

A

number of species

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15
Q

genetic diversity

A

diversity of genes within species

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16
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

refers to diversity at the ecosystem level

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17
Q

keystone species

A

species with a disproportionate effect on ecosystem stability because of pivotal role.

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18
Q

species evenness

A

proportion of individuals of each species in an area (relative abundance)

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19
Q

types of sampling

A

systematic, stratified, opportunistic

20
Q

stratified sampling

A

divides the population into subgroups before sampling, mutually exclusive strata, used to highlight a specific subgroup

21
Q

function of sampling

A

to gain data on composition and abundance

22
Q

two factors to measure when investigating a species

A

distribution and abundance

23
Q

methods of sampling when measuring abundance and distribution

A

point sampling, quadrats, line transects, belt transects, mark and recapture sampling

24
Q

diversity indices function

A

quantify biodiversity in an area and can be used to measure ecosystem health

25
Q

simpson’s index of diversity

A

D = 1-(sigma (n/N)^2)
N is total number of organisms
n is total number of organisms in a species

26
Q

why is baseline data useful when interpreting a diversity index

A

allows you to compare the result of a diversity study and decide if diversity is greater or less or if has changed over time from place to place.

27
Q

importance of recognising assumptions in investigations

A

allow for plausible explanations if results don’t support hypothesis, and recognise limitations of the investigation

28
Q

quadrat sampling role

A

estimates population abundance, density, frequency of occurrence and distribution

29
Q

estimated average density formula

A

total number of individuals counted/ (number of quadrats * area of each quadrat)

30
Q

guidelines for quadrat use

A 
area of each quadrat must be known
enough quadrat samples must be taken
population of each quadrat must be known
size of quadrat must be appropriate
must be representative of whole area
31
Q

how to know how many quadrat samples to take

A

plot cumulative number of species recorded on y axis and number of quadrats taken on x.
point at which curve levels off indicates suitable number of quadrats required.

32
Q

acronym for description of abundance

A

ACFOR

33
Q

What does ACFOR stand for

A

abundant, common, frequent, occasional, rare

34
Q

difference between animal and plant sampling

A

plant sampling can be done by quadrats, transects, abundance scales and percentage cover.
methods for animal sampling are more diverse and density is more commonly measured.

35
Q

main consideration when determining quadrat size

A

must be large enough to be representative and small enough to minimise effort

36
Q

advantages and disadvantages of staggering quadrat distances

A

allows for observation of a greater extent of trend

doesn’t allow for direct observation between two quadrats

37
Q

the lincoln index

A

total population= (no. of animals in first sample * number of animals in second sample)/ number of marked animals in second sample

38
Q

disadvantages of mark and recapture sampling

A

marked animals may die in the meantime
animals may not have mixed properly between marked and unmarked animals
can’t be used with immobile animals

39
Q

assumptions in mark and recapture sampling

A

marking doesn’t affect survival
marked and unmaked are captured randomly
marks aren’t lost
animals aren’t territorial

40
Q

methods for marking animals for capture recapture

A

banding on legs
tags on ears
paint/dye

41
Q

function of the chi-squared test

A

compares sets of categorical data and evaluates if the differences between them are statistically significant.
aims to test the null hypothesis

42
Q

what is the chi-squared test inappropriate for

A

small sample sizes

43
Q

where do you enter data from a chi-squared test?

A

in a contingency table

44
Q

how do you calculate expected values for a chi-squared test?

A

divide the row total by the grand total and multiply by the column total

45
Q

chi squared formula

A

sigma: (O-E)^2 / E
O (observed value)
E (estimated value)

46
Q

how to calculate degrees of freedom

A

(rows-1)*(columns-1)

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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