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CIE Biology A1 > Nucleic acids and protein synthesis > Flashcards

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis Flashcards

structure and replication of DNA protein synthesis

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1
Q

nucleotide derivatives and their cellular role

A

ATP and GTP work with energy transfers in the cell

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2
Q

phosphate

A

represented via circles

form backbone of DNA or RNA molecule, linking neighbouring sugars

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3
Q

base

A

carries coded genetic message in nucleic acid

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4
Q

pyrimidines examples

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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5
Q

pyrimidines

A

single ringed bases

smaller than purines

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6
Q

purines

A

double ringed bases

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7
Q

examples of purines

A

guanine and adenine

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8
Q

sugar in dna

A

deoxyribose

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9
Q

sugar in rna

A

ribose

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10
Q

ATP

A

adenine triphosphate

provides chemical energy for metabolism, consisting of adenine linked to a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups

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11
Q

how is energy transferred from ATP

A

when a phosphate group is transferred to a target molecule

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12
Q

how are nucleotides formed?

A

phosphoric acid and a base are chemically bonded via a condensation reaction
reverse is hydrolysis

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13
Q

nucleic acids

A

macromolecules made up of long chains of nucleotides to transfer and store genetic info.
eg dna and rna

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14
Q

ribonucleic acid roles

A

read genetic info

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15
Q

how do dinucleotides form?

A

2 nucleotides are linked together via a condensation reaction between the phosphateof one nucleotide and the sugar of another.

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16
Q

which direction does dna replication work in?

A

the 5’-3’ direction

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17
Q

rna molecule

A

single strand of nucleotides linked together, often folded back in on itself.
uracil replaces thymine
ribose sugar replaces deoxyribose sugar

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18
Q

deoxyribose nucleic acid

A

double strand of nucleotides linked in atwisted double helix shape
asymmetrical and antiparallel structure

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19
Q

5 prime end of dna

A

terminal phosphate group off of carbon 5

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20
Q

3 prime end of dna

A

terminal hydroxyl group off carbon 3

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21
Q

what determines base pairs

A

the number of bonds available to form and the configuration of bases.

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22
Q

mRNA

A

transcribed from dna, carrying a copy of genetic info from the dna to the ribosomes to be translated into a polypeptide

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23
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids to thegrowing polypeptide chain, one end carrying the anticodon and the other an amino acid.

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24
Q

where does the amino acid link to in the tRNA

A

the 3 prime end

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25
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal rna

forms ribosomes from 2 (large and small) subunits

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26
Q

evidence for structure of dna

A

x ray crystallography in which x rays are shone through crystallised molecules to produce a pattern on film.
eg photo 51 produced by Rosalind franklin and Maurice wilkins

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27
Q

what did photo 51 indicate of dna structure?

A

x pattern indicates helix structure
gaps indicate pattern of double helix and allows for calculation of the length of one full turn of helix
diamond spaces indicate a continuous and constant dimension with a sugar phosphate backbone outside the helix.

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28
Q

what does dna extraction buffer consist of?

A

water, detergent, salt

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29
Q

detergent purpose in buffer

A

breaks down cellular membrane and deactivates DNAases which would ordinarily chop up dna

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30
Q

salt purpose in buffer

A

removes proteins bound to dna and keeps them in solution while neutralising negative charge of dna.

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31
Q

ethanol purpose in buffer solution

A

enables dna to precipitate out aided by low temps which limit DNAase activity

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32
Q

semi conservative dna replication

A

produces 2 identical copies of dna, half original and half new material

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33
Q

hows the dna unwound in replication?

A

helicase unzips it at high speed at a replication fork while another enzyme prevents supercoiling

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34
Q

purpose of dna polymerase

A

catalyses the condensation reaction joining adjacent nucleotides.

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35
Q

what direction does dna polymerase work in

A

5’-3’ direction so that they are assembled continuously in one strand and fragmented as okazaki fragments (later joined by ligase)

36
Q

purpose of dna replication

A

to double DNA, allowing each cell to have a complete set of genes before cell division.

37
Q

3 main steps in replication

A

unwinding dna
synthesising dna polymerase
rewinding of the dna molecule

38
Q

2 ways of correction within dna replication

A

proof-reading

mismatch repair

39
Q

helicase purpose

A

unwinds and separates double stranded dna at replication fork at high speed.

40
Q

RNA polymerase purpose in replication

A

synthesises a short RNA primer

41
Q

DNA polymerase 3 purpose in replication

what direction does it go in?

A

extends the RNA primer with complimentary dna found from free nucleotides floating around via catalysing the condensation reaction between nucleotides.
moves in the 5’-3’ direction, synthesising the leading strand continuously.

42
Q

DNA polymerase 1 purpose in replication

A

digests RNA primer to replace w dna

43
Q

DNA ligase purpose in replication

A

joins neighbouring fragments together

44
Q

how often are mistakes made in replication?

A

every 100000 nucleotides replicated

45
Q

conservative model

A

DNA comprised 2 new strands

46
Q

dispersive model

A

new and old dna mixed throughout them

47
Q

generation 0

A

the sample removed of e coli bacteria after being grown in a nutrient broth containing N15 after 14 generations.

48
Q

where is generation 0 put?

A

a solution containing excess N14 so that new dna incorporates the N14 with the N15 isotope.

49
Q

Where is each generation placed?

A

in a CsCl solution which provides a density gradient for DNA separation

50
Q

How high and long are samples spun in a centrifuge

A

at 14,000 g for 20 hours

51
Q

genetic code

A

the set of rules by which the genetic info in DNA or mRNA is translated into proteins

52
Q

codons

A

3 letter codes on mRNA, representing 1 of 20 amino acids used to make proteins.

53
Q

degeneracy and where is it mostly located

A

the flexibility in which there may be more than one codon for each amino acid, mostly found in the 3rd nucleotide of a codon.

54
Q

genes

A

sections of dna that code for proteins

55
Q

gene expression

A

the process of rewriting a gene into a protein, involving transcriptionof DNA into mRNA before translating the mRNA into a protein.

56
Q

where is a gene bounded?

A

at a promoter region upstream of the gene

57
Q

where is a gene finished?

A

at a terminator region downstream of the gene

58
Q

promoter region

A

where rna polymerase binds

59
Q

terminator region

A

where rna polymerase dissasociates

60
Q

where does translation stop and start?

A

at the start and stop codon

61
Q

first amino acid

A

methionine

62
Q

Gene mutations

A

Localised changes to the DNA sequence, able to produce new, heritable alleles.

63
Q

Causes of mutations

A

Mutagens
Errors during replication
Deletion/substitution/ insertion of bases into DNA sequence leads to a single gene mutation

64
Q

Mutation responsible for NSRD

A

Deletion of 35th base (G)

65
Q

Cause of sickle cell disease

A

Substitution of one nucleotide from T to A
Gene mutation Hbs produces a faulty beta chain haemoglobin protein.
New amino acid is hydrophobic not hydrophilic so collapses in on itself when deprived of oxygen.

66
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Inherited blood disorder caused by gene mutation Hbs, producing deformed red blood cells with a reduced capacity to carry oxygen

67
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contain 270 million haemoglobin molecules, have a flattened disc shape.
Made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked together.

68
Q

Sickle cells

What do they cause?

A

Reduced solubility and precipitates when deprived of oxygen, preventing movement through capillaries.
Sickle cell anaemia is caused as rigid shape blocks small vessels and damages tissue and organs.

69
Q

Relationship between sickle cell disease and malaria

A

Heterozygotes are less susceptible to malaria than unaffected as the parasite can’t affect deformed cells.
Therefore high frequency of it in malaria regions.

70
Q

Where does transcription take place

A

Nucleus

71
Q

DNA replication overview

A

Helicase
RNA polymerase primer
DNA polymerase 3 catalyses condensation reaction between amino acids
DNA polymerase digests RNA and replaces with DNA
Ligase joins neighbouring fragments
DNA rewinds

72
Q

Enzyme controlling transcription

A

RNA polymerase forms a strand of mRNA from template strand, transcribing a gene length at a time, recognising start and stop signals.

73
Q

What allows a high rate of mRNA synthesis to occur

A

Multiple RNA polymerase enzymes on one length of dna at any one time.

74
Q

Introns

A

Non coding sections of mRNA that must be removed before translation can occur

75
Q

Exons

A

Remaining dna that must be spliced together to form mature mRNA.

76
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells

A

In the cytoplasm

Therefore is quicker

77
Q

Antisense strand

A

The temp,ate strand that stores info transcribed into mRNA.

78
Q

Transcription overview

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region and joins rna nucleotides together, ending when it reaches a terminator sequence and final triplet is transcribed coding for stop.

79
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm associated w free ribosomes/ the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

80
Q

Where does the mRNA strand go after it leaves the nuclear pore?

A

Into the cytoplasm to attach to a ribosome.

81
Q

tRNA structure

A

They have a triplet of bases at one end and a region for amino acids to attach at the other end.
Roughly 80 nucleotides in length.

82
Q

tRNA role in translation

A

They pick up free amino acids and brings to ribosome, matching anticodon on tRNA w codon on mRNA (complimentary).

83
Q

How many tRNA molecules fit onto the ribosome at any one time

A

2

84
Q

What bonds are formed between amino acids in translation

A

Peptide bonds

85
Q

Ribosomes structure

A

Made up of a complex of ribosomal RNA and proteins, existing as 2 separate subunits (large and small) until they are attracted to a binding site on mRNA.
Have binding sites that attract tRNA

86
Q

Anticodon

A

The site of the 3 base sequence that matches up w the codon on mRNA.

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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