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CIE Biology A1 > IMMUNITY > Flashcards

IMMUNITY Flashcards

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1
Q

1st line of defence

A 
skin
saliva
mucus
tears (lysozyme break down bacterial cell walls)
blood clotting
epithelia
stomach acid
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2
Q

antigen

A

a substance that is foreign to the body and stimulates an immune response.
may be glycolipids, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and waste material

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3
Q

immune response

A

a complex series of responses of the body to the entry of a foreign antigen, involving lymphocytes and phagocytes.

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4
Q

2 types of white blood cell

A

phagocytes

lymphocytes

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5
Q

where are phagocytes produced?

A

in the bone marrow before later being distributed throughout body

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6
Q

2 types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils

macrophages

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7
Q

neutrophils

A

leave capillaries via squeezing through small spaces to patrol tissues, released in large numbers during infection and last about 2 days.

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8
Q

macrophages

A

produced as monocytes in bone marrow to travel in the blood before settling as macrophages in the organs.
remove foreign matter from organs and last longer than neutrophils, cutting up pathogens to display to lymphocytes on membrane.
antigen-presenting cell

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9
Q

how do neutrophils know which invading pathogens to destroy

A

invading pathogens cause release of histamines which attract neutrophils via chemotaxis so that they can destroy pathogens via phagocytosis

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10
Q

phagocytosis process

A

cell surface membrane of neutrophil engulfs pathogen in a vesicle via endocytosis, fusing w a lysosome which releases digestive enzymes, destroying the pathogen

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11
Q

lymphocytes types

A

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

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12
Q

where are lymphocytes produced

A

in the bone marrow

circulate between blood and lymph nodes

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13
Q

T lymphocytes location

A

bone marrow before moving to thymus in chest (shrinks over puberty)

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14
Q

B lymphocytes location

A

in the bone marrow before maturing enough to spread throughout the body into the lymph nodes and spleen.

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15
Q

antibody

A

A glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) made by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes, secreted in response to an antigen; the variable region of which is complimentary to the antigen.

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16
Q

B lymphocytes role

A

as mature, develop ability to produce antibodies against pathogens/ particular antigens.
these antibodies stay embedded in the cell surface membrane to form a glycoprotein receptor, which specifically combines with one type of antigen.

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17
Q

T lymphocytes role

A

have specific T cell receptors on surface of similar structure to antibodies, specific to each antigen.

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18
Q

when are t lymphocytes activated

A

when they encounter the antigen engulfed by a macrophage and displayed on its surface

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19
Q

2 types of T lymphocytes

A

killer T cells (cytotoxic)

helper T cells

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20
Q

killer T cells role

A

search for invaded cells w foreign antigens from pathogens, secreting toxic substances to kill it.

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21
Q

helper T cells

A

release cytokines upon activation which stimulates B cell division, plasma cell development, antibody secretion or macrophage speeding up.

22
Q

process by which killer T cells kill pathogens

A

T cells bind to the infected cell w T cell receptor complimentary to antigen.
perforin forms holes in the cell membrane so that enzyme enters which promotes apoptosis

23
Q

non-self

A

a substance or cell that is recognised as foreign by immune system, triggering an immune response.

24
Q

self

A

substance produced by the body that the immune system doesn’t recognise as foreign.

25
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

26
Q

major histocompatibility complex

A

specific glycoproteins that are specific to each cell, coded by genes on chromosome 6 (genetically determined).

27
Q

Why are some lymphocytes destroyed in the thymus upon maturation?

A

because originally, every possible structure of lymphocyte is made, meaning lymphocytes which recognise self antigens as foreign must be destroyed (if not, leads to autoimmune disease)

28
Q

How do B cells identify the antigen

A

they line up to the macrophage to see whether any of the antigens are complimentary to the antibodies and so can bind to it, ingesting the antigen via endocytosis and displaying them on the surface membrane

29
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

the T cells bind to the surface antigens of the B cells of the same antigen, activating the B lymphocyte to divide rapidly via mitosis to form a mass of cloned cells (plasma cells) full of RER to mass produce antibodies.

30
Q

how are antibodies released into the bloodstream?

A

they are released via exocytosis and pass into the blood stream and tissue fluid to overwhelm the pathogen.

31
Q

clonal selection

A

process by which a singular B or T cell recognising an antigen is selected from the pre-existing pool of differing cell specificities.

32
Q

clonal expansion

A

when many copies of the B cell are produced to form a mass of plasma cells.

33
Q

what happens to the antibodies and B and T cells after the pathogen has been destroyed?

A

they disappear from the bloodstream

except that of retained lymphocytes that act as memory cells.

34
Q

cell mediated response

A

going directly to the site rather than secreting antibodies (killer T cells)

35
Q

humoral response

A

producing antibodies which travel via bodily fluids to do the work.

36
Q

2 groups of stem cells in the bone marrow

A

myeloid and lymphoid

37
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

produce neutrophils, monocytes and platelets.

38
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

produce b and t lymphocytes

39
Q

leukaemia

A

cancer of the lymphoid cells, producing many non-differentiating cells that disrupt normal blood production.
body lacks red blood cells and platelets needed, leading to excessive bleeding and anaemia, as well as immunosuppression.

40
Q

acute

A

developing suddenly and requiring immediate treatment

41
Q

chronic

A

developing slowly and monitored as to when to give treatment

42
Q

antibodies

A

globular glycoproteins with a quarternary structure, forming a group of plasma proteins known as immunoglobulins

43
Q

structure of antibodies

A

2 long/heavy chains and 2 short/light chains connected via strong disulphide bridges

44
Q

why are antibodies so specific

A

the sequences of amino acids in the binding sites gives them their specificity to a singular antigen, known as the variable region

45
Q

hinge region function

A

donates flexible properties so that it can bind to the antigen more easily

46
Q

heavy chain function

A

can be recognised by phagocytes which engulf any pathogen w the antibody attached

47
Q

antitoxins

A

antibodies counteracting toxins

48
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when the immune system turns on its host and attacks own body cells

49
Q

how do autoimmune diseases come about

A

Immune cells that should have been destroyed by the thymus have been retained, meaning that they can be activated and produce an immune response to self antigens (localised or whole body)

50
Q

active immunity

A

acquiring an infection and mounting an immune response via production of antibodies against the pathogen as well as memory cells

51
Q

artificial active immunity

A

stimulation of the immune system

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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