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CIE Biology A1 > T1 Cell structure > Flashcards

T1 Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

chromatic aberration

A

production of images with light split into different colours, prevented since 1800s via combination of 2 images.

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2
Q

optical microscopes

A

where light focussed through a series of lenses magnifies objects up to 100 times.

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3
Q

magnification

A

number of times larger an object appears compared to actual size.

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4
Q

magnification lens equation

A

objective lens power * eyepiece lens power

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5
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish between close together but separate objects

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6
Q

dissecting microscope function

A

used for observation at low magnification

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7
Q

wet mount

A

temporary preparation in which specimen and a drop of fluid are trapped under a coverslip so thin tissue sections can be seen.

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8
Q

non-viable stains

A

for use on dead specimens

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9
Q

viable specimens

A

for use on alive specimens

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10
Q

iodine stain

A

tests for starch, turning blue-black

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11
Q

crystal violet stain

A

tests for gram/nucleus, turning purple

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12
Q

aniline sulfate stain

A

tests for lignin, turning yellow

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13
Q

methylene blue stain

A

nuclei turns blue

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14
Q

hematoxylin and eosin

A

H turns nucleus blue/violet

E turns proteins red/pink

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15
Q

difference between a compound microscope and dissecting microscope

A

compound produces a 2d image through a thin, transparent sample// dissecting produces a 3d image, looking at surface details.
compound has smaller distance between the lens and the specimen

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16
Q

example of mounting liquid

A

water, glycerol, stain

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17
Q

why must specimens be so thin?

A

so that light can pass through so that features can more easily be seen.
Also to reduce the number of layers of cells.

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18
Q

function of coverslip

A

to exclude air bubbles that obscure the view of the specimen/ to smooth out the specimen.

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19
Q

why is the lowest magnification always used first?

A

allows a larger area to be viewed so that specific areas can be more easily located. Also, makes focussing easier, protects slide from large movements.

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20
Q

stain function

A

enhancement of specific features of a sample

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21
Q

electron microscopes

A

use short wavelengths of electrons to produce high resolution images of small specimens

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22
Q

SEM

A

scanning electron microscope

electrons bounce off surface of object to produce detailed images of external appearance.

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23
Q

TEM

A

transmission electron microscope

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24
Q

TEM process

A

electrons pass through specimen and are scattered.

magnetic lenses focus the image onto a fluorescent screen/photographic plate.

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25
Q

ultramicrotome

A

cuts v thin wafers of specimens

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26
Q

SEM process

A

scans sample w a beam of primary electrons, knocking them from the sample’s surface.
secondary electrons are picked up by a collector, amplified and transmitted onto a viewing screen/photographic plate (3D image).

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27
Q

wavelength, lenses, specimen type, max res, max mag of light microscope

A 
400-700nm
glass lenses
living/non-living specimens
200nm res
1300 * mag
coloured surface image
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28
Q

wavelength, lenses, specimen type, max res, max mag of TEM microscope

A

0.005 nm
EM lenses
non-living specimen on copper grid in a vacuum
1nm res
250,000*mag
heavy metal stains used to produce monochrome image

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29
Q

wavelength, lenses, specimen type, max res, max mag of SEM microscope

A 
0.005
EM lenses
non-living specimen on metal disc in vacuum
10nm res
100,000 mag
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30
Q

graticule

A

part within the eyepiece, enabling you to measure the size of an object
usually 1mm divided into 100 equal widths, used in combination w a stage micrometer to work out size

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31
Q

haemocytometer

A

used to count no. of cells in a set area/volume using a grid

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32
Q

stage micrometer

A

a slide w a scale exactly 1mm long, divided into 100 divisions, allowing calibration of graticule.

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33
Q

linear magnification

A

calculated by taking a ratio of image height to the object’s actual height

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34
Q

linear mag ratio enlargement

A

greater than 1

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35
Q

linear mag ratio reduction

A

smaller than one

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36
Q

cell theory

A

all living cells are composed of cells/cell products
new cells are formed by divisions of pre-existing cells
cells contain genes needed to function, grow and develop.
all chemical reactions of life take place in cells

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37
Q

functions of life

A 
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
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38
Q

virus structure

A

(non-living/cellular)
20-300nm w no cytoplasm/organelles/chromosomes. RNA/DNA found in a protein coating, depending on host cells for metabolism and reproduction.

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39
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

autotrophic/heterotrophic
single-celled
lack membrane-bound organelles
cell walls contain peptidoglycan

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40
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles

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41
Q

types of eukaryotic cell

A

plant
animal
fungal
protoctist

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42
Q

plant eukarya

A

multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthetic) and has cellulose cell walls

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43
Q

animal eukarya

A

part of multicellular organism w specialised cells
no cell wall
heterotrophic

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44
Q

fungal eukarya

A

plant-like
chitin cell walls
heterotrophic

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45
Q

what is found in fungal cell walls?

A

chitin

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46
Q

what is found in plant cell walls?

A

cellulose

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47
Q

protoctist eukarya

A

single-celled/w cell colonies

autotrophic/photosynthetic/heterotrophic

48
Q

what is found in prokaryotic cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan

49
Q

cell size range

A

between2-100 micrometres

50
Q

size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes are up to 10* smaller than eukaryotes

51
Q

amyloplasts

A

plastids specialised for storage, particularly of starch.

52
Q

chloroplast

A

contains green pigment chlorophyll, dense stacks of membranes within a colourless fluid, enables photosynthesis

53
Q

what ribosomes do chloroplasts contain?

A

10S

54
Q

cell wall

A

semi-rigid, cellulose structure to support the cell and regulate pressure/volume.

55
Q

middle lamella

A

first layer of cell wall formed during division, containing pectin and protein. It provides stability and allows formation of plasmodesmata.

56
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels allowing communication and transport between the cells.

57
Q

cytoplasm

A

solution of enzymes and dissolved substances, the site of translation in the cell.

58
Q

ribosome

A

structures manufacturing protein, lying free or coming off of the endoplasmic reticulum.

59
Q

nucleus

A

controller of cells activities

60
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a continuous network of tubes and flattened sacs w the plasma and nuclear membrane.

61
Q

rough ER

A

ER w ribosomes attached

62
Q

mitochondrion

A

energy transformers from chemical energy into ATP

63
Q

what sort of ribosomes do mitochondria contain?

A

10S

64
Q

large central vacuole

A

aqueous solution of ions found to function in storage, waste disposal and growth.

65
Q

where are 80S ribosomes found

A

in the cytoplasm

66
Q

tonoplast

A

vacuole membrane

67
Q

lysosome

A

sac bound by a single membrane from the Golgi apparatus, containing transport enzymes that break down food/foreign matter.
when specialise dare absent from plant cells.

68
Q

tight junctions

A

join cells together in formation of tissues

69
Q

nuclear pore

A

hole in the nuclear membrane allowing nucleus to communicate w the rest of the cell.

70
Q

centrioles

A

structures associated with nuclear division, composed of microtubules.
absent in some plants/protoctists

71
Q

mitochondrion

A

organelle bounded by a double membrane system, numbers depending on metabolic activity of the cell

72
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

ER without ribosomes.

site for lipid/carb metabolism and hormone synthesis.

73
Q

ribosomes

A

small free structures in the cytoplasm with the ER.

animal cells have 80S ribosomes.

74
Q

rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis, synthesising new membranes by adding proteins and phospholipids.

75
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

series of flattened, disc-shaped sacs stacked and connected with ER. Stores, modifies and packages proteins, ‘tagging’ them to go to their correct destination.

76
Q

cytoskeleton

A

complex structure of tubules and fibres, resisting tension and providing structural support to maintain cellular shape.

77
Q

3 proteinaceous elements

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

78
Q

what features of an animal cell also count as cytoskeleton?

A

the flagella and cilia (are microtubules)

79
Q

how is the cytoskeleton dynamic?

A

use of motor proteins which move along cytoskeletal tracks while hydrolysing ATP.

80
Q

why is the cytoskeleton dynamic?

A

to alter the cell’s shape and move materials/ the cell itself.

81
Q

what are the sub-units of microfilaments?

A

actin

82
Q

structure of microfilaments

A

2 intertwined strands

83
Q

function of microfilaments

A

shape maintenance
motility
contraction
cytokinesis

84
Q

intermediate filaments sub-units

A

fibrous proteins

85
Q

structure of intermediate filaments

A

fibres in thicker cables

86
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A

shape maintenance

anchors nucleus and organelles

87
Q

microtubules sub-units

A

alpha and beta tubulin dimers

88
Q

microtubules structure

A

hollow tubes

89
Q

microtubules function

A

shape maintenance
motility
move chromosomes

90
Q

how do microfilaments grow/shrink?

A

actin sub-units are added/taken away from either end

91
Q

which side do vesicles enter the Golgi from?

A

cis

92
Q

which side do transport vesicles leave the Golgi?

A

trans

93
Q

function of enzymes in the ER

A

aid the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steroid hormones and lipids

94
Q

stages of protein production for excretion?

A

polypeptide chains grow from bound ribosome
chain threaded through pore to ER and folded into correct 3D shape. carb attached to protein by enzyme while separated from ribosomes in cytosol. Leave ER in a vesicle bud then received by Golgi for storage, modification and transport to the plasma membrane for exocytosis

95
Q

macromolecule

A

large organic polymers made up of many smaller repeating units. made up of high molecular weight

96
Q

examples of macromolecules

A

proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

97
Q

why are transporting proteins synthesised by membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

so that they can easily be transported into the cisternal part of the ER

98
Q

role of SER in production of secreting proteins

A

synthesises lipids and transports them into transport vesicles.

99
Q

role of Golgi in production of secreting proteins

A

receives transport vesicles, modifies, stores and transports them for export out of the cell

100
Q

cellular respiration

A

a set of metabolic reactions converting biochemical energy from food into ATP.

101
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

phosphorylated nucleotide which acts as the universal energy carrier

102
Q

where’s ATP produced?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

103
Q

how does ATP produce energy?

A

via hydrolysis

104
Q

cell wall of prokaryote

A

provides shape and prevents rupture, anchoring flagella

composed of peptoglycan, lipolysaccharide and lipoprotein

105
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A

aggregations of storage molecules

106
Q

Fimbrae

A

hairs used to attach to surfaces/other cells

107
Q

plasmid

A

provides genes for antibiotic resistance and can be transferred between cells

108
Q

flagella

A

provides locomotion

109
Q

how do prokaryotic plasma membranes differ from eukaryotic?

A

less rigid

110
Q

what sort of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes?

A

70S

111
Q

where’s circular chromosome found?

A

in the nucleoid region

112
Q

polysaccharide capsule

A

contributes to virulence of pathogenic prokaryotes

113
Q

bacterial shapes

A

rod, comma, sphere and spiral

114
Q

process by which bacteria divide

A

binary fission

115
Q

virus

A

infectious, v specialised intracellular parasite which are acellular and non-living.
Pathogens which replicate inside living cells of other organisms.

116
Q

general structure of a virus

A

genetic material (RNA/DNA) encased in a capsid (protein coat) or envelope too w glycoprotein receptor spikes.

117
Q

what happens when viral replication is complete?

how does this differ in plant/animal cells?

A

virons leave the cell to infect more cells

buds off animal cells and travels through plasmodesmata of plant cells.

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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