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Anatomy > The Knee > Flashcards

The Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A rounded knob

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2
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

A small projection on a condyle

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3
Q

Which side of the tibia is the fibula?

A

Fibula is on the lateral side of the tibia

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4
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

A large roughened marked bony prominence

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5
Q

Where is the tibial plateau?

A

It is on the uppermost aspect of the proximal tibia

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6
Q

What bone classification is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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7
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial -> bones held together by a fibrous capsule and accessory ligament. Has a synovial joint cavity

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8
Q

How many degrees of movement does the knee joint have?

A

2 (flexion/extension and medial/lateral rotation)

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9
Q

Name the similarities and differences of the femoral articulate surfaces

A

Lateral condyle us shorter and wider
Medial condyle projects more Italy and lateral condyle projects more anteriorly
They are both covered in articular cartilage

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10
Q

Name the similarities and differences of the tibial articular surfaces

A

Medial tibial condyle projects further antero-posteriorly to accommodate the medial femoral condyle
Covered in articular cartilage
Flatter peripherally, covered with semi-lunar cartilages (menisci)

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11
Q

What is the function of the patellar>

A

Improve mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps muscle group by increasing lever arm and increasing angular torque/moment

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12
Q

What is the Q’ angle?

A

The angle between the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon

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13
Q

How do we measure the Q’ angle using bony landmarks?

A

Measured as angle between line from ASIS to centre patella and line from centre patella to tibial tuberosity

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14
Q

What does Q’ angle represent?

A

The angle of quadriceps muscle force

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15
Q

What are the normal Q’ angles?

A

Normal angle is 13° (men) and 18° (women)

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16
Q

What is patella-femoral joint stability dependent on?

A

Patella position
Lateral femoral buttress wall
Ratio between VMO and VL
Tightness of lateral retinaculum

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17
Q

What type of joint is the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

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18
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Head of fibula, tibial lateral condyle, capsule attached around joint margins

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19
Q

What ligaments are associated with the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head

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20
Q

What movements occur at the superior tibia-fibular joint?

A

Small rotational movements during ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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21
Q

What is the shape of the medial meniscus?

A

C shaped

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22
Q

What is the shape of the lateral meniscus?

A

O shaped

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23
Q

Which meniscus is less Mobil’s and more easily damaged (due to blending)?

A

Medial meniscus

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24
Q

Where is the attachment of the medial meniscus’s anterior horn?

A

Intercondylar area and anterior cruciate ligament
Transverse and coronary ligaments

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25
Q

Where is the attachment of the medial meniscus’s posterior horn?

A

Posterior horn inserts into the intracondular region in association with PCL

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26
Q

Where is the attachment of the lateral meniscus’s anterior horn?

A

Anterior interconylar eminence posterior to ACL

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27
Q

Where is the attachment of the lateral meniscus’s posterior horn?

A

Posterior intercondylar area anterior to posterior horn of medial meniscus

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28
Q

What is the function of the menisci?

A

Enhances tibio-femoral joint stability by deepening tibial articular surface (gives it more congruence and makes it more stable)
Acts as a shock absorber
Conforms to changing shape of femoral condyle during knee movement

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29
Q

Where does the knee joint capsule attach posteriorly?

A

Posterior femoral condyle and intercondylar fossa
Posterior tibial condyles

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30
Q

Where does the knee joint capsule attach medically?

A

Blends with Gastrocenemius and Semimembranosus
Medial articular margins femoral and tibial condyle
Blends with medial collateral ligament

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31
Q

Where does the knee joint capsule attach laterally?

A

Lateral femur above popliteus
Lateral tibial condyle
Fibula head

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32
Q

Where does the knee joint capsule attach anteriorly?

A

Patella and retinaculum
Capsule replaced by quadriceps tendon

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33
Q

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach?

A

Starts in anterior intercondylar area of tibia
Runs posteriorly, laterally and superiorly to posterior part of intercondylar area of lateral femoral condyle

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34
Q

Where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach?

A

Posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia
Runs anteriorly, medically and superiorly to lateral surface of medial femoral condyle

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35
Q

What movement does MCL limit?

A

Limits valgus movement of the tibia on the femur

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36
Q

What movement does LCL limit?

A

LCL limits varus movement of the tibia on the femur

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37
Q

What is valgus deformity of the knee?

A

Distal aspect is going away from the midline

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38
Q

What is varus deformity of the knee?

A

Distal aspect is going away from he midlin

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39
Q

What is O’Donoghue;s unhappy triad a combination of injury to?

A

MCL, ACL and medial meniscus

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40
Q

What could an increased Q’ angle lead to?

A

Lateralisation of the patella

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41
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Anterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur

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42
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Posterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur

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43
Q

Where do LCL and Biceps Femoris attach to?

A

The apex of the head of the fibula

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44
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Fluid filled sack that prevents unwanted friction

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45
Q

Name the bursae of the knee

A

Suprapatellar bursa
Prepatellar bursa
Superficial infrapatellar bursa
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Pes Anserinus bursa
Semimembranosus bursa

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46
Q

What are the names of the accessory movements performed on the patella-femoral joint?

A

Longitudinal caudal excursion
Medial side glide and lateral side glide

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47
Q

What are the accessory movements of the superior tibio-fibular joint?

A

AP glide
PA glide

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48
Q

What are the accessory movemnts of the knee joint?

A

AP glide
PA glide
Medial side glide and lateral side glide

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49
Q

In what position is the knee joint locked?

A

In a closed pack position/standing in extension

50
Q

Which muscle initiates ‘unlocking’ mechanism?

A

Popliteus

51
Q

What happens anatomically at the knee joint when you go from sitting to standing?

A

-femoral condyle roll and slide anteriorly over tibial condyle
Femoral condyle glide posteriorly over tibial condyles (stops femoral condyles rolling off tibial condyles)
Shorter lateral femoral condyle movement stops first
Femur medically rotates around fixed lateral condyle to complete the movement

52
Q

Describe the mechanism of the knee unlocking mechanism

A

Femur rotates (spins) laterally on tibia
Femoral condyles roll posteriorly on the tibial condyles
Femoral condyles glide anteriorly on the tibial condyles (this stops femoral condyles from rolling off the tibial condyles)

53
Q

Name the 4 quadriceps muscles

A

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Lateralis

54
Q

Where does the long head of the Rectus femoris originate?

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine

55
Q

Where does the short head of Rectus Femoris originate from?

A

Rough area of ilium superior to acetabulum

56
Q

Where does Rectus Femoris insert?

A

The 2 heads join quadriceps femoris tendon which inserts into base of patella

57
Q

What are the actions of the Rectus Femoris?

A

Extends knee and flexes hip

58
Q

What is the nerve supply of Rectus Femoris?

A

Femoral nerve L2,3,4

59
Q

Where is Vastus Intermedius in comparison to Rectus Femoris?

A

It is deep to Rectus Femoris

60
Q

Where is the origin of Vastus Intermedius?

A

Femur-upper 2/3rds anterior and lateral surfaces

61
Q

Where does Vastus Intermedius insert?

A

Quadriceps tendon (deep part) and lateral border of patella

62
Q

Where is the origin of Vastus Medialis?

A

Femur medial part of inter-trachanteric line, pectineal line, medial lip of linea aspera, medial supracondylar line

63
Q

Where does Vastus Medialis insert?

A

Quadriceps tendon and medial border of patella

64
Q

Where is the origin of Vastus lateralis?

A

lateral part of intertrochanteric line, lateral margin of greater trochanter, lateral margin gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip linea aspera

65
Q

Where does Vastus Lateralis insert?

A

Quadriceps tendon and lateral margin of patella

66
Q

What are the actions of the Vasti muscles?

A

Extend knee joint

67
Q

What is the nerve supply of the Vasti muscles?

A

Femoral L2, 3, 4

68
Q

Name the 3 hamstring muscles

A

Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

69
Q

Where is the origin of the long head of Biceps Femoris?

A

Inferomedial part of upper area Ischial tuberosity

70
Q

Where is the origin of the short head of Biceps Femoris?

A

Lateral lip linea aspera (lateral supracondylar ridge)

71
Q

Where does Biceps femoris insert?

A

Head of fibula

72
Q

What action does Biceps Femoris cause at the knee?

A

Flexion and external rotation

73
Q

What is the nerve supply of Biceps Femoris?

A

Sciatic nerve L5-S2

74
Q

Where is the origin of Semitendinosus?

A

Inferomedial part of upper area Ischial tuberosity

75
Q

Where does Semitendinosus insert?

A

Medial surface of proximal tibia

76
Q

What action at the knee does Semitendinosus cause?

A

Flexion and internal rotation

77
Q

What is the nerve supply of Semitendinosus?

A

Sciatic nerve L5-S2

78
Q

Where is Semimembranosus in comparison to Semitendinosus?

A

Deep to Semitendinosus

79
Q

Where is the origin of Semimembranosus?

A

Superolateral impression Ischial tuberosity

80
Q

Where action at the knee does Semimbranosus cause?

A

Flexion and internal rotation

81
Q

What is the nerve supply of Semimembranosus?

A

Sciatic nerve

82
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings?

A

Extend the hip and flex the knee joint

83
Q

Where is the origin of Sartorius?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

84
Q

Where does Sartorius insert?

A

Anterior surface of tibia just Inferomedial to tibial tuberosity

85
Q

What actions does Sartorius cause at the knee?

A

medial rotation and flexion

86
Q

What is the nerve supply of Sartorius?

A

femoral nerve L2,3

87
Q

Where is the origin of Gracilis?

A

External surface body of pubis, inferior pubic ramus and ramus of ischium

88
Q

Where does Gracilis insert?

A

Medial surface proximal shaft of tibia

89
Q

What are the actions of Gracilis?

A

medial rotation and flexion of the knee

90
Q

What is the nerve supply of Gracilis?

A

Obturator nerve L3, 4

91
Q

Which muscle gives the contour of the calf?

A

Gastrocnemius

92
Q

Where does Gastrocnemius originate?

A

Medial and lateral femoral condyles (2 heads -> medial and lateral)

93
Q

Where does Gastrocnemius insert?

A

Achilles’ tendon into posterior-superior calcaneus

94
Q

What are the actions of Gastrocemius?

A

Knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion

95
Q

What is the nerve supply of Gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve S1,2

96
Q

What is Plantaris deep to?

A

Gastrocnemius

97
Q

Where is the origin of Plantaris?

A

Lateral supracondylar line above lateral head of Gastrocnemius

98
Q

Where does Plantaris insert?

A

Medial border of TA and posterior surface of calcaneus

99
Q

What is the action of Plantaris?

A

Weak knee flexor and plantar flexor of foot

100
Q

What is the nerve supply of Plantaris?

A

Tibial L4, 5, S1

101
Q

Where does Popliteus originate?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

102
Q

Where does Popliteus insert?

A

Proxmial surface of posterior tibia

103
Q

Where does Popliteus insert?

A

Proximal surface of posterior tibia

104
Q

What is the action of Popliteus?

A

Unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the femur on fixed tibia
Has a weaker role in flexing knee and medially rotating the tibia

105
Q

What is the nerve supply of Popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve L4,5, S1

106
Q

What does TFL stand for?

A

Tensor Fasciae Latae?

107
Q

Where is the origin of TFL?

A

ASIS (and outer iliac crest to iliac tubercle)

108
Q

Where does TFL insert?

A

Anterior surface of tibia just inferolateral to tibial tuberosity (Gerdy’s tubercle)

109
Q

What are the actions of TFL at the knee?

A

Stabilises the knee laterally (doesn’t produce any physiological movement)

110
Q

What is the nerve supply of TFL?

A

Femoral nerve L2, 3, 4

111
Q

What does ITB stand for?

A

IlioTibial Band

112
Q

What actions/movements can be done at the knee?

A

Flexion/extension
Internal rotation/external rotation

113
Q

What are the lateral borders of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

Biceps Femoris and lateral head of Gastrocnemius

114
Q

What are the medial borders of Popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Medial head of Gastrocnemius

115
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery and vein
Common perineal and tibial nerve
Lymph nodes and fat

116
Q

Name the 4 knee flexors

A

Hamstrings -> biceps femoris, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteus
Gastrocnemius

117
Q

Name the knee extensors

A

Quadriceps -> Rectus Femoris, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus lateralis, Vastus Medialis

118
Q

Name the 4 medial rotators of the tibia on the femur

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteus

119
Q

Name the lateral rotator of the tibia on the femur

A

Biceps Femoris

120
Q

In what position should you palpitate the knee?

A

Open-packed position

Anatomy (15 decks)

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