Introduction To Appendicular Anatomy Flashcards
What is the anatomical position used for?
A position used as a reference when describing parts of the body in relation to each other
Describe the anatomical position
Standing upright
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
What does anterior mean?
In front of or the front surface of
What is another word for anterior?
Ventral
What does posterior mean?
Towards the back of or on the back surface of
What is another word for posterior?
Dorsal
What does medial mean?
Towards the midline
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline or to the outer side of
What does superior mean?
Towards the head or above
What does superficial mean?
On or near to the surface
What does deep mean?
Below the surface and covered
What does inferior mean?
Towards the feet or below
What does cephalad mean?
Towards the head
What does caudal mean?
Towards the tail or feet
What does proximal mean?
Nearer to the centre or midline
Closer to the point of origin or body
What does distal mean?
Further from the centre or midline
Further from the point of origin or body
What is a Sagittal plane?
A vertical plane, from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions
What is a median plane?
A plane that divides the body into equal halves (through the nose and through the centre)
What is another word for the frontal plane?
Coronal plane
What is the frontal plane?
A vertical plane from side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into front and back
What is the transverse plane?
A horizontal plane, from front to back and side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions
What is the plane of movement?
The imaginary surface over which the mobile segment passes
E.g. legs move on a sagittal plane ( they go from front to back)
What is the axis of movement?
An imaginary point or line, on the surface around which the movement occurs
What angle are the plane of movement and the axis to each other?
90 degrees
The axis and plane are always right angles to each other
What is the alternate name for the sagittal plane?
Median
What is the alternate name for the frontal plane?
Coronal
What is the alternate name for the horizontal plane?
Transverse
Flexion/ extension occurs about which plane and axis?
Sagittal plane and a coronal axis
Abduction/adduction occurs about which plane and axis?
A coronal plane and a sagittal axis
Medial and lateral rotation occurs about which plane and axis?
A transverse plane and vertical axis
Give some examples of flexion
Moving the palm upwards from the anatomical position
Bicep curl
Raising arm above head
Kicking leg upwards
Bringing heel towards the bum
Give some examples of extension
Moving palm backwards
What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
Abduction is moving away
Adduction is returning
What is the radius of the wrist?
Radius bone supports thumb side of the forearm
What is the ulna of the wrist?
Ulna bone supports little finger side of the forearm
What is radial deviation?
Hand tilts towards the thumb
What is ulnar deviation?
Hand tilts toward the little finger
What can ulnar deviation and radial deviation also be called if in the anatomical position?
Adduction and abduction
Which two fingers can only truly oppose each other?
Little finger and thumb
What is dorsiflexion?
The upward movement of toe towards calf
What is plantarflexion?
The downward movement, pointing the toe
How will full pronation place the palm of the hand?
Facing downwards to the floor
At 90 degree flexion at the elbow, supination in the forearm results in the palm of the hand facing in which direction?
Upwards
Supination in the foot is a combination of what?
Plantar flexion, inversion and adduction
Pronation in the foot and ankle region is a combination of what?
Dorsiflexion, abduction and eversion
What is radial deviation at the wrist the same as?
Abduction
What is ulnar deviation in the wrist the same as?
Adduction
What are the 5 main categories of bones?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
What are long bones?
Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility, typically found in the upper and lower extremities
Give and example of a long bone
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Metacarpus
Phalanges
Metatarsus
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
What are short bones?
Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement
Name two short bones
Carpus and tarsus
What are flat bones?
Flat bones are bones whose principle function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment
Name a flat bone
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
Hip
Pelvis
Rib
Sternum
Scapula
Occipital
Frontal
Parietal
Name an irregular bone
Ethmoid
Palatine
Inferior nasal concha
Hyoid
Coccyx
Sacrum
Vertebrae
Mandible
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Temporal
Sphenoid
What shape is a sesamoid bone?
Normally a small pea shaped bone
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. Sesamoid act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendons ability to transmit muscular forces
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella
What is the articulate surface?
Where bones meet in a joint
What is the spine of a bone?
A sharp slender process
What is the head of a bone?
The prominent rounded bony end
What is the neck of a bone?
The segment between the head and shaft of a bone
(As soon as cartilage stops it goes from being head to neck)
What is a condyle?
A rounded knob
What is an epicondyle?
A small projection on a condyle
What is a tubercle?
A small rounded process
What is a crest?
A narrow ridge
What is a process of a bone?
A marked bony prominence
What is a line of a bone?
It refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface
What is a groove?
A furrow in the bone surface that runs along the length of a vessel or nerve, providing space to avoid compression by adjacent muscle or external forces
What is the angle of a bone?
A change in border direction
What is the trochanter of a bone?
A large process
What is tuberosity of a bone?
A large rounded process
What is foremen of a bone?
A rounded opening through bone
What is fossa?
A shallow/flattened surface
What is the fovea of a bone?
A small pit or depression
What is the sulcus of a bone?
A groove accommodating a vessel/tendon or nerve
What is the ramus of the bone?
The curved part of the bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone
