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Anatomy > Foot And Ankle Region > Flashcards

Foot And Ankle Region Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 functions of the ankle joint

A

Gives a stable base of support
Provides a rigid lever for push off
Absorbs shock of body weight
Conforms the foot to irregular terrain
Important role in sensation/ proprioception/ balance
Allows adjustment of line of gravity in standing
Provides propulsion and restraint in walking

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2
Q

What is the medial weight bearing bone of the lower leg?

A

Tibia

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3
Q

What is the bony protuberance at the distal end of the tibia called?

A

Medial malleolus

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4
Q

What does the inferior surface of the tibia articulate with?

A

Talus

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5
Q

What does the tibia articulate with on its lateral surface?

A

Fibula

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6
Q

What does the bony protuberance on the lateral side of the fibula form?

A

Lateral malleolus

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7
Q

What is the classification of the superior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

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8
Q

Name the articulating surfaces of the superior tibio-fibular joint

A

Head of fibula
Tibial lateral condyle
Capsule attached around joint margins

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9
Q

Name the ligaments of the superior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head

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10
Q

What movements occur at the superior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Small rotational movements during ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and gliding

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11
Q

What is the interosseous membrane?

A

A tough, fibrous sheet of connective tissue

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12
Q

What distance does the interosseous membrane span?

A

The distance between the borders of the tibia and fibula

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13
Q

What does the interosseous membrane do?

A

Provides attachment for muscle
Separates anterior and posterior compartments

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14
Q

What allows vessels to run between the anterior and posterior compartments created by the interosseous membrane?

A

A hiatus

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15
Q

What type of joint is the inferior tibio-fibular joint?

A

A fibrous syndesmosis

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16
Q

What are the ligaments of the inferior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Anterior inferior, posterior inferior and transverse tibio-fibular ligaments

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17
Q

What movement occurs at the inferior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Slight roatation of the fibula on the tibia during ankle dorsiflexion

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18
Q

Name the tarsal bones

A

Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms

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19
Q

What are the names of the 3 cuneiforms?

A

Medial
Intermediate
Lateral

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20
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

A

5

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21
Q

How many phalanges are there?

A

14

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22
Q

Where is the talus situated?

A

Above the calcaneus

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23
Q

How many articular facets does the body of the talus have?

A

3

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24
Q

What are the names of the talus’s articular facets?

A

Superior facet
Medial facet
Lateral facet

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25
Q

What is the classification of the ankle joint?

A

A synovial hinge joint

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26
Q

What is the ankle joint covered in?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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27
Q

What is the ankle joint enclosed by?

A

Joint capsule

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28
Q

What is the ankle joint lined with?

A

Synovial membrane

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29
Q

What movements does the ankle joint allow?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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30
Q

What articulation occurs at the subtalar joint?

A

It is where talus articulates with calcaneus

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31
Q

What movements occur at subtalar joint?

A

Inversion (calcaneus tilts inwards) and eversion (calcaneus tilts laterally)

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32
Q

What is the classification of the subtalar joint?

A

A plane (modified saddle) synovial joint

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33
Q

What is the subtalar joint surrounded by?

A

Weak articular capsule

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34
Q

What is the subtalar joints weak articular capsule supported by?

A

Talocacanean ligaments

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35
Q

What is the subtalar joint stabilised by?

A

Interosseous talocalcanean ligament

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36
Q

What is the classification of the mid-tarsal joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket joint

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37
Q

What is the classification of the cuneo-navicular joints?

A

Synovial plane joints

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38
Q

What movements occur at the cuneo-navicular joints?

A

Gliding and sliding

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39
Q

What do all metatarsals have?

A

A proximal head
Neck
Shaft
Base

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40
Q

What type of bone is embedded within the tendon of Flexor Hallucis Brevis on the 1st metatarsal?

A

2 sesamoid bones

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41
Q

What do all phalanges have?

A

Neck
Head
Shaft
Base

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42
Q

What are the names of the 3 different types of phalanges?

A

Distal
Middle
Proximal

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43
Q

What is the classification of the tarsal metatarsal joints?

A

Synovial plane

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44
Q

What is the classification of the metatarsal phalanges joints?

A

Synovial ellipsoid

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45
Q

What is the classification of the proximal interphalnageal joint and distal interphalangeal joint?

A

Synovial hinge

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46
Q

What movement can occur at metatarsal phalanges joint?

A

Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction

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47
Q

What movements can occur at the interphalangeal joints?

A

Flexion/extension

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48
Q

Where do pronation and supination occur in the foot?

A

At the mid-tarasal joint

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49
Q

What are the weight bearing surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

Trochlear surfaces of the tibia and talus

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50
Q

What are the stabilising surfaces of the ankle joints?

A

Medial and lateral malleoli that grip the body of the talus

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51
Q

When is the ankle joint most stable/ what is its close packed position?

A

Dorsiflexion

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52
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the ankle joint have?

A

1

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53
Q

What muscle is dorsiflexion of the ankle joint produced by?

A

Tibialis anterior

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54
Q

What muscles assist dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?

A

Extensor digitorum Longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius

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55
Q

What is dorsiflexion of the ankle joint limited by?

A

Tension in antagonists
Posterior part of deltoid ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Wedging of talus between malleoli

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56
Q

What muscle produces plantarflexion in the ankle joint?

A

Gastrocnemius

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57
Q

What muscles assist plantarflexion in the ankle joint?

A

Tibialis posterior
Peroneus longus and brevis
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus

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58
Q

What is plantarflexion of the ankle joint limited by?

A

Tension in antagonists
Anterior part of deltoid ligament
Anterior tall fibular ligament

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59
Q

What is the classification of the subtalar joint?

A

A synovial modified saddle joint

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60
Q

What movements occur at the subtalar joint?

A

Inversion and eversion of the foot

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61
Q

What ligaments are at the subtalar joint?

A

Medial,posterior and lateral talocalcanean ligaments

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62
Q

What is the neutral position of the foot called?

A

Plantigrade

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63
Q

Transverse tarsal joint is the functional description of which joints?

A

Talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint

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64
Q

What are the movements of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Pronation and supination

65
Q

What movements produce inversion in the foot?

A

Adduction of the forefoot
Supination
Plantarflexion of ankle

66
Q

What movements produce eversion of the foot?

A

Abduction of forefoot
Pronation
Dorsiflexion of ankle

67
Q

What movements in the foot cant occur as pure movements?

A

Adduction/abduction
Supination/pronation

68
Q

What muscles produce inversion in the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior

69
Q

What muscles assist inversion?

A

Extensor and Flexor Hallucis Longus

70
Q

What is inversion in the foot limited by?

A

Dorsal talonavicular ligament

71
Q

What muscles produce eversion in the foot?

A

Peroneus Longus, Brevis and Tertius

72
Q

What limits eversion in the foot?

A

Impact of talus on floor of sinus tarsi
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

73
Q

What is the classification of the calcaneocuboid-cuboid joint?

A

Synovial plant or synovial saddle joint (not completely agreed on)

74
Q

What is the longest of all ligaments between tarsal bones?

A

Long plantar ligament

75
Q

Where is the long plantar ligament in comparison to short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament?

A

Long plantar ligament is superficial to short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

76
Q

Name the intertarsal joints of the foot

A

Subtalar
Midtarsal
Cuneonavicular
Intercuneiform
Cunecubois
Tarsometatarsal

77
Q

Name 6 functions of the foot

A

Dynamic and strong to support body weight
It serves as lever for propulsion
Spring and lift for many activities
Adapts to uneven surfaces
It is flexible and resilient to absorb the shock of weight bearing
It provides a stable base for proximal function

78
Q

What do the arches of the foot do?

A

Add weight bearing capabilities and resilience to the foot
Act as shock absorbers in standing and propulsive movement
Enable the foot to adapt to different surfaces and to weight changes

79
Q

Name the 3 arches of the foot

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

80
Q

Name 3 factors maintaining arches

A

Bony configuration
Strong ligaments
Muscle tone

81
Q

Name the 4 ligaments if the medial longitudinal arch

A

Plantar aponeurosis
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Short plantar ligament
Long plantar ligament

82
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the lateral longitudinal arch

A

Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

83
Q

Name the ligaments of the transverse arch

A

Collateral ligaments

84
Q

Name the accessory movements of the talocrural joint

A

Longitudinal distraction
AP
PA

85
Q

Name the accessory movements of the subtalar joint

A

Distraction
Rock of talus on calcaneus
Side tilt medially
Side tilt laterally

86
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the calf and foot?

A

Anterior
Lateral
Superficial posterior
Deep posterior

87
Q

Name the 3 muscles ion the superficial posterior compartment

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

88
Q

What do all muscles of the superficial posterior compartment have in common?

A

Insert into the calcaneus vis the tendocalcaneus
Muscles plantarflex the foot
Innervated by the tibial nerve

89
Q

Where does gastrocnemius originate?

A

Lateral head - posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
Medial head - posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle

90
Q

Where does gastrocnemius insert?

A

Posterior surface of calcaneus via the tendocalcaneus

91
Q

What are the actions of gastrocnemius?

A

Powerful plantarflex or of the foot
Knee flexion

92
Q

What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve S1, S2

93
Q

Where does Soleus originate?

A

Soleal line, posterior surface of tibia
Posterior surface of upper 1/3 of fibula including the head

94
Q

Where does Soleus insert?

A

Fuses with tendon of gastrocnemius to form upper part of tendocalcaneus into posterior surface of the calcaneus

95
Q

What is the action of the Soleus?

A

Plantarflexion of the foot

96
Q

What is the innervation of Soleus?

A

Tibial nerve S1-2

97
Q

Where is the origin of Plantaris?

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur, above lateral head of gastrocnemius
Adjacent part of popliteal surface of femur

98
Q

Where does Plantaris insert?

A

Medial side of tendocalcaneus, posterior surface of the calcaneus

99
Q

What is the action of Plantaris?

A

Insignificant plantar flexor of the foot
Weak knee flexor

100
Q

What is the innervation of Plantaris?

A

Tibial nerve S1, S2

101
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the deep posterior compartment?

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

102
Q

What do all muscle of the deep posterior compartment have in common?

A

Muscles are supplied by the tibial nerve
All muscles except popliteus assist in plantarflexion of the ankle

103
Q

Where does popliteus originate?

A

Outer surface of lateral femoral condyle, below epicondyle

104
Q

Where does popliteus insert?

A

Posterior surface of proximal tibia, above soleal line

105
Q

What action is produced by popliteus?

A

Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia

106
Q

What is the innervation of popliteus?

A

Tibia nerve L5

107
Q

Where does Tibialis posterior insert?

A

Medial part - posterior surface of the tibia and interosseous membrane
Lateral part - proximal posterior surface of fibula

108
Q

Where does Tibialis posterior insert?

A

Tubercle in medial side of navicular and plantar surface of medial cuneiform
Slips to plantar surfaces of all tarsal bones except talus

109
Q

What are the actions of Tibialis posterior?

A

Inversion of foot
Assists plantarflexion at ankle
Assists in support of the medial longitudinal arch

110
Q

What is the innervation of Tibialis Posterior?

A

Tibial nerve L4-5

111
Q

Where does Flexor Digitorum Longus originate?

A

Medial aspect, posterior surface of tibia

112
Q

What is the insertion of Flexor Digitorum Longus?

A

4 tendons to plantar aspect of the bases of distal phalanges

113
Q

What are the actions of Flexor Digitorum Longus?

A

Flexion of toes 2-5 at distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joints and metatarsal phalanges joint
Assists plantarflexion of foot

114
Q

What is the innervation of Flexor Digitorum Longus/

A

Tibial nerve L5, S1-S2

115
Q

Where does Flexor Hallucis Longus originate?

A

Lower 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

116
Q

Where does Flexor Hallucis Longus insert?

A

Plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

117
Q

What are the actions of Flexor Hallucis Longus?

A

Flexion of all joints of great toes
Assists plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle joint

118
Q

What is the innervation of Flexor Hallucis Longus?

A

Tibial nerve S1-S2

119
Q

What tunnel do Tom, Dick and Harry go through?

A

Tarsal tunnel

120
Q

What is the ceiling of the tarsal tunnnel?

A

Flexor reticulum

121
Q

What is the flexor reticulum>

A

A tough band of connective tissue from medial malleolus to medial wall of calcaneum

122
Q

Name the blood vessel and nerve that go through the tarsal tunnel

A

Posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve

123
Q

What muscle unlocks the knee?

A

Popliteus

124
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the foot and ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Peroneus Tertius

125
Q

What is common in all muscles of the anterior compartment of the foot and ankle?

A

All muscles supplies by the deep peroneal nerve
All muscles assist in dorsiflexion at the ankle

126
Q

Where does Tibialis Anterior originate?

A

Upper 1/2 to 2/3 lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane

127
Q

Where does Tibialis Anterior insert?

A

Medial surface of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

128
Q

What does the insertion of Tibialis Anterior blend with?

A

Peroneus Longus

129
Q

What are the actions of Tibialis Anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion of ankle
Inversion of the foot

130
Q

What is the innervation of Tibialis Anterior?

A

Deep peroneal nerve L4/5

131
Q

Where does Extensor Digitorum longus originate?

A

Upper 2/3 anterior surface of fibula
Upper part of interosseous membrane
Lateral tibial condyle

132
Q

Where does Extensor Digitorum Longus insert?

A

Extensor hood (dorsal digital expansion), base of middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5

133
Q

What are the actions of Extensor Digitorum Longus?

A

Extension of lateral 4 toes at metatarsal phalanges joints
Extension of interphalangeal joints
Assists dorsiflexion of ankle

134
Q

What is the innervation of Extensor Digitorum Longus?

A

Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1

135
Q

Where does Extensor Hallucis Longus originate?

A

Middle 1/2 if anterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane

136
Q

Where does Extensor Hallucis Longus insert?

A

Dorsal surface, base of distal phalanx of the great toe

137
Q

What are the actions of extensor hallucis Longus?

A

Extends all joints of great toe, mainly metatarsal phalange joint
Powerful dorsiflexor

138
Q

What is the innervation of Extensor Hallucis Longus?

A

Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1

139
Q

Where does Peroneus Tertius originate?

A

Lower 1/4 of medial fibular and adjacent interosseous membrane

140
Q

Where does Peroneus tertius insert?

A

Styloid process of base of 5th metatarsal and dorsal aspect

141
Q

What are the actions of Peroneus Tertius?

A

Weak dorsiflexor of foot
Weak Everton of foot

142
Q

What is the innervation of Peroneus tertius?

A

Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1

143
Q

Name the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the foot and ankle

A

Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus
Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis

144
Q

Where does Peroneus Longus originate?

A

Lateral tibial condyle
Upper 2/3 lateral surface of fibula
Lateral side of fibular head

145
Q

What are the 2 slips of insertion for Peroneus Longus?

A

Base of 1st metatarsal
Medial cuneiform (plantar and lateral surfaces)

146
Q

What are the actions of Peroneus Longus?

A

Eversion and plantarflexion of foot
Supports the arches of foot

147
Q

What is the innervation of Peroneus Longus?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve L5, S1

148
Q

Where is Peroneus Brevis in comparison to Peroneus Longus?

A

Peroneus Brevis is more anteriorly placed than Peroneus Longus

149
Q

Where does Peroneus Brevis originate?

A

Lower 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula

150
Q

Where does Peroneus Brevis insert?

A

Tubercle on the lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal

151
Q

What are the actions of Peroneus Brevis?

A

Eversion of the foot
Plantarflexion at the ankle

152
Q

What is the innervation of Peroneus Brevis?

A

Superficial Peroneal Nerve L5, S1

153
Q

Where does Extensor Digitorum Brevis originate?

A

Anterior part of calcaneus and inferior extensor retinaculum

154
Q

Where are the insertions of Extensor Digitorum Brevis?

A

Medial tendon -to bade, proximal phalanx of great toe
Tendons 2-4 - to lateral side of extensor hood

155
Q

What is the innervation of Extensor Digitorum Brevis?

A

Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1

156
Q

What are the actions of Extensor Digitorum Brevis?

A

Extension at metatarsal phalanges joints
Assists limb rivals to extend interphalangeal joints

157
Q

What muscle support the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Flexor Hallucis Longus
Abductor Hallucis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Tibialis Anterior
Tibialis Posterior

158
Q

What muscles support the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Peroneus Tertius
Flexor Digitorum Longus (4th and 5th toes)
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Adductor Digiti Minimi

Anatomy (15 decks)

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