Introduction To Joints And Muscles Flashcards
What is the definition of a joint?
A site where two or more bones join together, whether or not a movement occurs between them
What are the three basic joints?
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
What is a fibrous joint?
Joints that are held together by fibrous, connective tissues, with no joint cavity
What is syndesmosis?
Where there is a tough band of tissue which bonds two bones together
What are the two subdivisions of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and Symphysis
What is a synchondrosis joint?
Primary cartilaginous joint
Bones held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage, with no joint cavity
What is a symphysis joint?
Secondary cartilaginous joint
Bones held together by fibrocartilaginous fusion, with no joint cavity
What are synovial joints?
Bones held together by a fibrous capsule and accessory ligaments. Has a synovial joint cavity
What are the 8 features of typical synovial joints?
Articular cartilage
Articular (joint) capsule
Synovial membrane
Ligament
Articular disc
Synovial sheath and bursa
Fat pads
Muscles and tendons
What are the 6 classifications of synovial joint?
Ball-and-socket joint
Ellipsoid
Plane joint
Saddle joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Describe a ball-and-socket joint (including degrees of freedom)
Socket is always concave
Ball is always concave
Able to move in 3 planes of movement (3 degrees of freedom)
Describe an ellipsoid joint (including degrees of freedom)
Convex surface received by a concave surface
2 degrees of freedom about 2 planes and 2 axis
Describe a plane joint
Have gliding and sliding between their neighbours
Describe a saddle joint (including degrees of freedom)
Biconcave and biconvex
Capable of 2 degrees of freedom
Describe a pivot joint (including degrees of freedom)
Single axis and a single plane
1 degree of freedom
Describe a hinge joint (including degrees of freedom)
Single degrees of freedom
Name 4 factors that limit joint movement
Tension in ligaments
Tension in antagonist muscles
Approximation of soft tissue
Approximation of bony parts
What are the 3 types of muscle in the human body?
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
What are the 3 different types of muscle fibres?
Slow oxidative - type I
Fast oxidative - type IIa
Fast glycolytic - type IIb
Name 7 functions of skeletal muscle
Produce movement and locomotion
Stabilises joints and limits movement
Maintain posture against gravity
Help produce body heat
Store carbohydrates as glycogen
Protect and support viscera
Give contour to the body
Name the 7 classifications of muscle
Circular
Multipennate
Fusiform
Bipennate
Unipennate
Parallel
Convergent
What 3 things do tendons allow?
Concentration of muscle pull
Attachment to a small bony area
Alteration of direction of muscle
What is an agonist/prime mover?
Responsible for the movement
What is an antagonist?
Responsible for the movement opposing that of the agonist
What is a fixator?
Steadies the base of the prime mover; stabilises the proximal attachment of the agonist
What is a synergist?
Improves quality and control, by preventing unwanted movements in adjacent joints
