Introduction To Joints And Muscles

Question 1

What is the definition of a joint?

Answer 1

A site where two or more bones join together, whether or not a movement occurs between them

Question 2

What are the three basic joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Question 3

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 3

Joints that are held together by fibrous, connective tissues, with no joint cavity

Question 4

What is syndesmosis?

Answer 4

Where there is a tough band of tissue which bonds two bones together

Question 5

What are the two subdivisions of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 5

Synchondrosis and Symphysis

Question 6

What is a synchondrosis joint?

Answer 6

Primary cartilaginous joint
Bones held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage, with no joint cavity

Question 7

What is a symphysis joint?

Answer 7

Secondary cartilaginous joint
Bones held together by fibrocartilaginous fusion, with no joint cavity

Question 8

What are synovial joints?

Answer 8

Bones held together by a fibrous capsule and accessory ligaments. Has a synovial joint cavity

Question 9

What are the 8 features of typical synovial joints?

Answer 9

Articular cartilage
Articular (joint) capsule
Synovial membrane
Ligament
Articular disc
Synovial sheath and bursa
Fat pads
Muscles and tendons

Question 10

What are the 6 classifications of synovial joint?

Answer 10

Ball-and-socket joint
Ellipsoid
Plane joint
Saddle joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint

Question 11

Describe a ball-and-socket joint (including degrees of freedom)

Answer 11

Socket is always concave
Ball is always concave
Able to move in 3 planes of movement (3 degrees of freedom)

Question 12

Describe an ellipsoid joint (including degrees of freedom)

Answer 12

Convex surface received by a concave surface
2 degrees of freedom about 2 planes and 2 axis

Question 13

Describe a plane joint

Answer 13

Have gliding and sliding between their neighbours

Question 14

Describe a saddle joint (including degrees of freedom)

Answer 14

Biconcave and biconvex
Capable of 2 degrees of freedom

Question 15

Describe a pivot joint (including degrees of freedom)

Answer 15

Single axis and a single plane
1 degree of freedom

Question 16

Describe a hinge joint (including degrees of freedom)

Answer 16

Single degrees of freedom

Question 17

Name 4 factors that limit joint movement

Answer 17

Tension in ligaments
Tension in antagonist muscles
Approximation of soft tissue
Approximation of bony parts

Question 18

What are the 3 types of muscle in the human body?

Answer 18

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

Question 19

What are the 3 different types of muscle fibres?

Answer 19

Slow oxidative - type I
Fast oxidative - type IIa
Fast glycolytic - type IIb

Question 20

Name 7 functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 20

Produce movement and locomotion
Stabilises joints and limits movement
Maintain posture against gravity
Help produce body heat
Store carbohydrates as glycogen
Protect and support viscera
Give contour to the body

Question 21

Name the 7 classifications of muscle

Answer 21

Circular
Multipennate
Fusiform
Bipennate
Unipennate
Parallel
Convergent

Question 22

What 3 things do tendons allow?

Answer 22

Concentration of muscle pull
Attachment to a small bony area
Alteration of direction of muscle

Question 23

What is an agonist/prime mover?

Answer 23

Responsible for the movement

Question 24

What is an antagonist?

Answer 24

Responsible for the movement opposing that of the agonist

Question 25

What is a fixator?

Answer 25

Steadies the base of the prime mover; stabilises the proximal attachment of the agonist

Question 26

What is a synergist?

Answer 26

Improves quality and control, by preventing unwanted movements in adjacent joints