The kidneys Flashcards
How do the kidneys make urine
- … products are … out of the … as they … through the …
- useful substances like …, some … and water are …-> … reabsorption
- …-> … are turned into fats and … in the l…, producing …, this is then converted into … in the liver
- The substances removed from the body include …, … and …
- Waste products are filtered out of the blood as they pass through the kidneys
2.useful substances like glucose, some ions and water are reabsorbed-> selective reabsorption - Deamination-> proteins are turned into fats and carbohydrates in the liver, producing ammonia, this is then converted into urea in the liver
- The substances removed from the body include urea, ions and water
How is urea produced
- … ->Proteins and … acids can’t be … by the body so any excess amino … are … into fats and … which can be …
- … is produced as a … product from this process
- … is … so is converted into … in the liver, this is then … to the … where it’s … out the blood and … through …
- deamination ->Proteins and amino acids can’t be stored by the body so any excess amino acids are converted into fats and carbohydrates which can be stored
- Ammonia is produced as a waste product from this process
- Ammonia is toxic so is converted into urea in the liver, this is then transported to the kidneys where it’s filtered out the blood and excreted through urine
How are ions removed from the body
- … like sodium are taken into the body in … where they are … into the …
2.if the … content is wrong this … the balance between … and ions meaning too … or little water is … into cells by …, which can … cells - some ions are lost in …, but this is not …
- The right amount of … are reabsorbed into the … after filtration and the rest is … in …
- Ions like sodium ate taken into the body in food where they are absorbed into the blood
2.if the ion content is wrong this upsets the balance between water and ions meaning too much or little water is drawn into cells by osmosis, which can damage cells - some ions are lost in sweat, but this is not regulated
- The right amount of ions are reabsorbed into the blood after filtration and the rest is removed in urine
How is water removed from the body
- The body has to … the amount of … entering and … the …
- We lose … from the … in sweat and from the … as water … when we … out —>can’t … how much is …
- The amount of … is balanced by the amount we c… and the amount removed by the … in urine
- The … water we drink the more dilute the …, the less we … the more … it is
- The body has to balance the amount of water entering and leaving the body
- We lose water from the skin in sweat and from the lungs as water vapour when we breath out —>can’t control how much is lost
- The amount of water is balanced by the amount we consume and the amount removed by the kidney in urine
- The more water we drink the more dilute the urine, the less we drink the more concentrated it is
What hormone is the concentration of urine controlled by
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
Where is ADH released from
The pituitary gland
What process is urine concentration controlled by
Negative feedback
What happens when water content in the blood is too high
-a … in the … detects the water … is too …
-the … centre in the brain receives … and coordinates a …
-the … gland releases … ADH, so … water is … from the … tubules
-a receptor in the brain detects the water content is too high
-the coordination centre in the brain receives info and coordinates a response
-the pituitary gland releases less ADH, so less water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules
The more ADH in the blood the … water is reabsorbed from the kidney …
Less, tubules
What happens when the water content in the blood is too low
-a … in the … detects the water content is too …
-the … centre in the brain receives … and coordinates a …
-the … gland releases more …, so more … is absorbed from the … tubules
-a receptor in the brain detects the water content is too low
-the coordination centre in the brain receives info and coordinates a response
-the pituitary gland releases more ADH, so more water is absorbed from the kidney tubules
What are the 2 main treatments to kidney failure
-regular dialysis
-kidney transplant
What happens when the kidneys don’t work properly
-waste substances build up in the blood
-you lose the ability to control the levels of ions and water in your body
-this results in death
How does dialysis work
-has to be done regularly
-to keep the conc of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels
-waste substances are removed
-in a dialysis machine blood flows between partially permeable membranes arhat are surrounded by dialysis fluid
-waste products and excess ions and water diffuser across the membrane
Negative of dialysis
-very expensive
-risk of infection
-time consuming
-have to do it for the rest of your life
How do kidney transplants work
-healthy kidneys are transported from people normally who have just died, but can also be from people alive
-if the patients body rejects the organ immune suppressant can be given
Negatives of kidney transplants
-few organ donors
-expensive
-chance of rejection
-surgery carries risk
