Controlling fertility Flashcards
What can be uses to reduce fertility
Hormones
Use of oestrogen in preventing pregnancy
-oestrogen can be used to … the … of an …
-if it is taken … day to keep the level … high it … the production of …
-this stops … development and …
-oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg
-if least Ruben is taken every day to keep the level permanently high it inhibits the production of FSH
-this stops egg development and production
Use of progesterone in stopping pregnancy
-by … the production of thick …, no … can reach the …
C… i… :
-… under the … in your arm
-releases a … supply of …
-can last up to … years
C… i… :
-… every … to 3 months of …
I… d… (…)
-T-shaped device … into the …
-kills …
-prevents … of … egg
-… IUDs release …
-by stimulating the production of thick mucus, no sperms can reach the egg
Contraceptive implant:
-inserted under the skin in your arm
-releases a continuous supply of progesterone
-can last up to 3 years
Contraceptive injection:
-doses every 2 to 3 months of progesterone
Intrauterine device (IUD)
-T-shaped device inserted into the uterus
-kills sperm
-prevents implantation of fertilised egg
-plastic IUDs releases progesterone
Use of progesterone and oestrogen together in stopping pregnancy
The …:
-known as the … oral … pill
-over …% effective
-doesn’t … against … transmitted …
The c… p… :
-is … to the …
-each patch lasts a …
The pill:
-known as the combined oral contraceptive pill
-over 99% effective
-doesn’t protect against sexually transmitted diseases
The contraceptive patch:
-is stuck to the skin
-each patch lasts a week
What is the progesterone-only pill
-it has fewer side effects than the pill
-but is just as effective
Non-hormonal ways of preventing pregnancy
-… the … from reaching the …
C…:
-worn over the …
-… sperm … the vagina
-there are … condoms
-protect against …-transmitted …
D…:
-shallow … cups fitted over the … to form a …
-used with …
S…:
-kills …
-not as … (…-80%)
-prevent the sperm from reaching the egg
Condoms:
-worn over the penis
-prevent sperm entering the vagina
-there are female condoms
-protect against sexually-transmitted diseases
Diaphragms:
-shallow plastic cups fitted over the cervix to form a barrier
-used with spermicides
Spermicide:
-kills sperm
-not as effective (70-80%)
What can be used to increase fertility
Hormones
Why are some women infertile
Their levels of FSH are too low to cause eggs to mature, this means no eggs are released and the woman can’t get pregnant
What hormones are given to women in a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation
FSH and LH
Pros and cons of using hormones to help fertility
Pros:
-helps women get …
Cons:
-… always …
-can be …
-too many … could be … resulting in … pregnancies eg …, triplets
Pros:
-helps women get pregnant
Cons:
-doesn’t always work
-can be expensive
-too many eggs could be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies eg twins, triplets
What is IVF
-involves … eggs from the … and … them in a … using the man’s …
OR
-involves intro-… sperm … (ICSI) where the … is directly … into an …
-the … eggs are grown into … in a laboratory …
-once the embryos are tiny … of … one or 2 of them are … to the woman’s … to improve the … of …
-… and LH are given before … collection to … several … to mature
-involves collecting eggs from the ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm
OR
-involves intro-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) where the sperm is directly injected into an egg
-the fertilised eggs are grown into embryos in a laboratory incubator
-once the embryos are tiny balls of cells one or 2 of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chances of pregnancy
-FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate several eggs to mature
Pros and cons of IVF
Pros:
-can give an … couple a …
Cons:
-… births can happen if … than one … grows into a …
—>… chances of …, miscarriages
-… rate is …
-it is … stressful and also … stressful as some women have a strong … to the …
Pros:
-can give an infertile couple a child
Cons:
-multiple births can happen if more than one embryo grows into a baby
—>higher chances of stillbirth, miscarriages
-success rate is low
-it is emotionally stressful and also physically stressful as some women have a strong reaction to the hormones
Why are some people against IVF
-process of … results in … embryos that are …, some people think this is … as each embryo is … life
-the … testing of embryos before … raises … issues as some think it could lead to the … of …
-process of IVF results in unused embryos that are destroyed, some people think this is unethical as each embryo is potential life
-the genetic testing of embryos before plantation raises ethical issues as some think it could lead to the selection of characteristics
Other ways of avoiding pregnancy
S…:
-involves … or tying the … tubes, or the … duct in a male
—>this is …
A…:
-… having … intercourse
Sterilisation:
-involves cutting or tying the fallopian tubes, or the sperm duct in a male
—>this is permanent
Abstinence:
-not having sexual intercourse
