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human anatomy and physiology > the integumentary system 1 > Flashcards

the integumentary system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system include

A

the body covering including the skin, nails and hair

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2
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

what is the epidermis

A

surface epithelial layer of the skin

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4
Q

what is the dermis

A

the deeper connective tissue layer of the skin

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5
Q

what is not part of the skin

A

deep dermis

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6
Q

what 2 basic tissues does the skin consist of

A

epithelial and connective

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7
Q

what are the 2 fundamental layers of skin

A

outer epidermis and inner dermis

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8
Q

what is the epidermis made of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial

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9
Q

what 4 cell types is the epidermis made of

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
Langerhans cells
merkel cells

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10
Q

how much of the epidermis is keratinocytes

A

90%

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11
Q

how many layers are made up by keratinocytes

A

4-5

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12
Q

what do keratinocytes do

A

produce keratin
protect skin
waterproof

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13
Q

name the sublayers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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14
Q

how long does the renewal of the epidermis take

A

3-4 weeks

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15
Q

what is the role of the stratum basale

A

stem cells of the epidermis

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16
Q

describe the structure of the stratum basale

A

single layer of low columnar or cuboidal cells at the base of the epidermis

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17
Q

describe the structure of the stratum spinosum

A

several layers of polyhedral cells joined by many desmosomes

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18
Q

describe the structure of stratum granulosum

A

few layers of flattened cells with cytoplasmic granules
nuclei begins to degenerate

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19
Q

describe structure of stratum lucidum

A

several layers of flattened skin
nuclei hardly visable

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20
Q

when can the stratum lucidum not be identified

A

in thin skin

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21
Q

describe the structure of stratum corneum

A

several layers of flattened keratinised (dead) cells, embedded in a dense matrix of proteins.

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22
Q

what parts of the body contain thick skin

A

palms of hands and soles of feet

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23
Q

what do melanocytes do

A

produce melanin
transfer pigment to keratinocytes

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24
Q

what amount of the epithelial cells are melanocytes

A

8%

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25
Q

what do Langerhans cells do

A

immune response

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26
Q

where are langerhans cells found

A

stratus spinosum

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27
Q

describe how langerhans cells preform their function

A

cells that engulf foreign materials that invade the epidermis

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28
Q

where are merkel cell complexes found

A

stratum basale

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29
Q

how many factors contribute to skin color

A

3

30
Q

how many factors contribute to skin color

A

3

31
Q

what factors contribute to skin color

A

amount of melanin in the epidermis
amount of carotene
amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin

32
Q

what is albinism

A

an inherited recessive disorder
little or no melanin

33
Q

what is melasma

A

dark brown symmetric areas on the face and neck

34
Q

what is vitiligo

A

smooth white patches in skin due to loss of melanocytes

35
Q

what are birthmarks

A

abnormal blood vessels or malformed pigment cells

36
Q

how % of skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma

A

around 75%

37
Q

describe features of basal cell carcinoma

A

grows very slowly, highly treatable and starts in the basal cell layer of the epidermis

38
Q

what % of skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma

A

around 20%

39
Q

describe features of squamous cell carcinoma

A

middle aggression, but can be treated

40
Q

what % of skin cancer is melanoma

A

roughly 5%

41
Q

what % of skin cancer deaths are due to melanoma

A

73%

42
Q

describe features of melanoma

A

usually in a mole and spreads quickly

43
Q

what is jaundice

A

an abnormal yellow skin tone that usually signifies a liver disorder

44
Q

what are the accessory structures

A

hair
skin glands
nails

45
Q

what is hair made of

A

fused keratinized cells

46
Q

what items make up hair

A

shaft and root

47
Q

name the epidermal glands

A

sebaceous glands
sudoriferous/ sweat gland
ceruminous glands

48
Q

what do sebaceous glands do

A

secrete oily sebum

49
Q

what do ceruminous glands do

A

produce earwax

50
Q

what are nails made of

A

packed hard dead keratinized cells

51
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system

A

temperature regulation
protection
sensory reception
excretion and absorption
vit D synthesis

52
Q

where is aging of the integumentary

A

mainly dermis

53
Q

what contributes to the aging of the integumentary

A

loss of collagen fibres, loss of electacity, loss of immune responses, thinning of skin

54
Q

what is acne stimulated by

A

androgens

55
Q

what induces skin cancer

A

ultraviolet rays of the sun

56
Q

where is skin cancer most commom

A

fair skinned and the elderly

57
Q

describe most skin tumours

A

benign and do not metastasize (spread to other sites)

58
Q

what 2 key factors can contribute to skin cancer

A

environment and genes

59
Q

name the 3 types of the skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

60
Q

describe basal cell carcinoma

A

most commom
least dangerous
arrises from the cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis

61
Q

how does basal cell carcinoma appear

A

a small shiny bump that develops a central depression and a beaded pearly edge

62
Q

where does basal cell carcinoma normally occur

A

on the face

63
Q

how is basal cell carcinoma treated

A

surgically removed and radiation therapy

64
Q

where does squamous cell carcioma arise from

A

keratinocytes of the stratus spinosum

65
Q

where does squamous cell carcioma normally appear

A

scalp, ears, lower lip or back of hand

66
Q

what does squamous cell carcinoma look like

A

raised reddened scaly appearance

67
Q

how many cancer cases are malignant melanoma

A

5%

68
Q

where does malignant melanoma arise from

A

melanocytes of a preexisting mole

69
Q

what is a first degree burn

A

involves only the epidermis

70
Q

what is a second degree burn

A

involves the epidermis and part of the dermis but leaves some of the dermis intact

71
Q

what is a third degree burn

A

the epidermis, dermis and often some deeper tissues are completely destroyed

human anatomy and physiology (35 decks)

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