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Flan's AS PE > The Impact of Sport on Society (Part 2) > Flashcards

The Impact of Sport on Society (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Define discrimination and give an example

A

Treating one group differently/unfairly to another due to their race, colour, gender, age, disability etc.
E.g. An action of verbal attack based on sex/race/age etc

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2
Q

Define stereotyping and give an example

A

Generalising a person/group based upon a conventional and oversimplified image. Judgement of a group of people
E.g. Black people can’t swim

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3
Q

Define prejudice and give an example

A

A negative judgement or opinion formed before experience or knowledge of the facts
E.g. Believing women are inferior

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4
Q

Define equal opportunities

A

The absence of discrimination based on race, gender, colour etc

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5
Q

What are the 3 main target groups?

A
  • Disability
  • Ethnicity
  • Women/teenage girls
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6
Q

Name the barriers people use as excuses to their lack of participation in physical activity and suggest solutions to these barriers

A

Lack of time - add physical activity to daily routine e.g. Walk to school/work

Negative influences + poor PE experiences - incite family and friends to exercise with you. Join a group where physical activity plays an important part eg youth club offering Duke of Edinburgh

Lack of motivation - invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis. Join exercise class

Lack of skill - select activities requiring little or no skill e.g. Walking/jogging

Lack of equipment/facilities - select activities that require little facilities/equipment e.g. Walking, jogging, skipping

Family obligations - exercise wth the children - go for a walk/bike ride with them

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7
Q

What is overt discrimination?

A

Highly visible and could occur when there is verbal abuse aimed at an individual with a disability participating in sport

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8
Q

What is covert discrimination?

A

Harder to uncover and might occur when individuals at a sports club vote for their annual captain and their negative stereotypes influence them against voting for a disabled candidate for example

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9
Q

What is integrated sport?

A

Disability sport is sometimes participated in at the same time as able bodied sport

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10
Q

What is segregated sport?

A

Disability sport can occur completely separately from able bodied sport

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11
Q

What are stereotypes against disabled sports performers causing common barriers to disability sports participation?

A
  • Lower expectations by society
  • Segregated sport
  • Usually negative about abilities/sport being not safe and low standards of performance
  • Can lead to low self-esteem and confidence
  • Poor media coverage/lack of role models
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12
Q

What lack of opportunities/provision lead to common barriers to disability sports participation?

A
  • Lack of specialised coaches
  • Lack of facilities/equipment adopted to disabilities
  • Less clubs/competitions
  • Less disposable income, mobility, transport
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13
Q

Suggest solutions to disability sports participation

A
  • Provide more opportunities for success
  • Help talented athletes reach the highest levels possible e.g. Paralympics
  • Increased investment in disabled sport - being subsidised
  • Provide transport to facilities, improved access into/around facilities
  • Improved technology e.g. Prosthetics/wheelchairs
  • Increased media coverage
  • Education on stereotyping/challenging attitudes
  • Design activities for disabilities e.g. Boccia, wheelchair basketball/rugby
  • Organisations to develop new opportunities (Sport England/EFDS)
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14
Q

When identifying barriers to participation in relation to disability, what is it important to do?

A
  • Link coaching to a shortage of specially trained leaders/coaches
  • Link activities to a failure to modify/adapt them
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15
Q

What are the benefits of physical activity to disabled people?

A
  • Improve health and fitness
  • Improved self-esteem and confidence
  • Improved integration with communities
  • Develop new skills
  • Reduce stereotypes
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16
Q

Define race

A

The physical characteristics of an individual

17
Q

Define ethnic group

A

A group of people who share common origins - most usually on grounds of nationality, race or religion

18
Q

Define ethnic minority group

A

When a particular group form a small proportion or subculture in a population

19
Q

Define racism

A

The suggestion that one particular ethnic group is superior to another on the basis of skin colour or religion

20
Q

Desine racial stereotyping

A

Whereby individuals are categorised into what they are capable of doing according to religion or skin e.g. the notion that all black people are good at sprinting

21
Q

What is stacking/channeling?

A
  • A belief that there are certain races with genetically predisposed to certain characteristics
  • This results in these groups being pushed into certain sports or positions - this is known as stacking
  • The athlete receives good coaching and support and inevitably they succeed
  • This then reinforces the stereotypes
    E.g. hockey, swimming, equestrianism, rowing all have predominantly white participants
22
Q

What common barriers, in terms of stereotypes and discrimination, do ethnic groups face when participating in sports?

A
  • Stereotypes and stacking
  • Racism/discrimination may prevent access to some clubs
  • Perceived racism/fear of abuse
  • Less media coverage so less role models
23
Q

What common barriers in terms of opportunity and provision do ethnic groups face during sports participation?

A
  • Ethnic preferences maybe different to mainstream provision
  • Culture/religious restrictions
  • Family may have other priorities for some minority groups e.g. academic
  • Links to lower socio-economic status/finance/transport
24
Q

How can we overcome the barriers to sports participation for ethnic groups?

A
  • Ethnic minority groups have been identified as target groups by Sport England who have made raising participation part of their policies
  • Campaigns e.g. Kick racism out of football
  • NGBs are required to have equal opportunities policy to avoid discrimination
  • TOPS programmes, Sportivate, Active Sports etc all aim to increase participation rates amongst all members of communities
  • The Rooney Rule
25
Q

Have the barriers to ethnic minority groups been overcome?

A

YES:
- Active people survey shows an increase in participation from all ethnic groups
- Training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers and sports leaders
- Racism is punished by NGBs/courts
- Range of sports participated in by ethnic minority groups
- Role models from all ethnic groups are now used (sporting equals)
- Youth Sport Trust actively recruit from ethnic minority groups for positions of responsibility
School programmes are:
- Encouraging participation in extra curricular activities
- Creating links with external clubs
- Using role models from ethnic minority groups
- Offering a wider range of activities and considering ethnic preferences
- Raising expectations
- Avoiding channeling
- Ensuring kit rules are reflective of cultural norms

NO:

  • Participation from some ethnic minority groups is still higher in certain sports
  • Still some groups/sports under-represented
  • There are still examples of racism at matches
  • Still fewer role models in some sports
  • Still fewer ethnic minority groups managerial/administrative roles
  • Inequality still exists
  • Channeling still exists
26
Q

Define sexism

A

When (usually) women are discriminated against as a result of stereotypical views of he strengths and qualities of women in sport and the gender role than women are expected to take in society

27
Q

In terms of opportunity and provision, what are the barriers to participation to women in sport?

A
  • Women often receive less support from friends and family
  • Many sports are male dominated and women have limited membership rights
  • Less funding/prize money/sponsorship
  • Fewer clubs/range of sports/available income
  • Lack of leisure time and disposable income

Negative impact of school PE:

  • PE kit unflattering/revealing and so girls feel self-conscious
  • Curriculum is often based on competitive games activities - not enough variety
  • ‘Changing the Game’ (2012) report stated 51% of all girls were put off physical activity by their experiences of school sport and PE
28
Q

In terms of stereotypes and discrimination, what are the barriers to participation in sport to women?

A
  • Women receive less media coverage
  • Media coverage often centres around factors other than performance e.g. attractiveness
  • Fewer managerial roles for women in sport
  • Fewer role models
29
Q

Suggest possible solutions to gender inequality in sport

A
  • Introduce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful
  • Encourage greater social acceptance of women having jobs/careers with more disposable income
  • Encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities creating more leisure time
  • Increased media coverage
  • Increased sponsorship
  • Provide education to reject the stereotypical myths - ‘Changing the Game for Girls’
30
Q

Why are women often encouraged to take part in activities such as aerobics rather than competitive sport?

A
  • Socially acceptable/feminine image
  • Slim/toning
  • Accessible/can do at home
  • Development for women traditionally
  • Social friendships
  • Non-competitive/no pressure/non-contact
  • Indoor/comfortable environment
31
Q

Have the barriers to participation for women in sport been overcome?

A

YES:

  • Sport England policies target increasing participation amongst women
  • Increased funding/sponsorship/media coverage
  • Increased media coverage and role models
  • More female coaches and managers
  • Increased opportunities/clubs for women
  • Bans for sexist actions
  • School PE/extra-curricular programmes encourage girls to participate/classes/in gym
  • More socially acceptable for women to take part

NO:

  • Still fewer women in top jobs
  • Still less than in Men’s sport/unequal prize money
  • Still less media coverage and fewer role models than in Men’s sport
  • Still less coaches than in men’s sport
  • Women still receive less sport from family/friends
  • Sexism still exists
  • Sport still male dominated and limited membership right for some sports
  • Women still seen as masculine if muscular
  • Still more boys than girls taking part in school PE programmes
32
Q

What are the reasons for women’s football becoming more and more accessible?

A
  • Increased opportunities in society
  • Increased media coverage e.g. World Cup in Canada 2015
  • More opportunities in school pe to play football
  • More clubs locally
  • Rejection of stereotypes
  • General increase in leisure time and disposable income
  • More opportunities to play professionally
  • Successes of 2012 olympics and 2015 World Cup
33
Q

What are the health benefits of raising participation in physical activity?

A
  • Reduced risk of heart disease/stroke
  • Avoidance of high/low blood pressure
  • Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
  • Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
  • Strengthening bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis
  • Improved mental health and stress management
  • Decreased risk of conditions such as anxiety/depression
  • Decreased risk of some cancer
34
Q

What are the fitness benefits to raising participation in physical activity?

A
  • Improved posture
  • Improved body shape
  • Improved CV fitness
  • Improved muscular strength/endurance
  • Improved agility/balance/coordination
  • Improved speed/power
  • Improved reaction time
35
Q

What are the social benefits of raising participation in physical activity?

A
  • Raised levels of serotonin and endorphins have a calming effect
  • Improved sleep patterns
  • Boost a person’s mood and relationship
  • Social and emotional health improved, confidence, self-esteem
  • Sport introduces us to how people share common interest/and help develop friendships/relationships

Flan's AS PE (25 decks)

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