The Impact of Sport on Society (Part 2) Flashcards
Define discrimination and give an example
Treating one group differently/unfairly to another due to their race, colour, gender, age, disability etc.
E.g. An action of verbal attack based on sex/race/age etc
Define stereotyping and give an example
Generalising a person/group based upon a conventional and oversimplified image. Judgement of a group of people
E.g. Black people can’t swim
Define prejudice and give an example
A negative judgement or opinion formed before experience or knowledge of the facts
E.g. Believing women are inferior
Define equal opportunities
The absence of discrimination based on race, gender, colour etc
What are the 3 main target groups?
- Disability
- Ethnicity
- Women/teenage girls
Name the barriers people use as excuses to their lack of participation in physical activity and suggest solutions to these barriers
Lack of time - add physical activity to daily routine e.g. Walk to school/work
Negative influences + poor PE experiences - incite family and friends to exercise with you. Join a group where physical activity plays an important part eg youth club offering Duke of Edinburgh
Lack of motivation - invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis. Join exercise class
Lack of skill - select activities requiring little or no skill e.g. Walking/jogging
Lack of equipment/facilities - select activities that require little facilities/equipment e.g. Walking, jogging, skipping
Family obligations - exercise wth the children - go for a walk/bike ride with them
What is overt discrimination?
Highly visible and could occur when there is verbal abuse aimed at an individual with a disability participating in sport
What is covert discrimination?
Harder to uncover and might occur when individuals at a sports club vote for their annual captain and their negative stereotypes influence them against voting for a disabled candidate for example
What is integrated sport?
Disability sport is sometimes participated in at the same time as able bodied sport
What is segregated sport?
Disability sport can occur completely separately from able bodied sport
What are stereotypes against disabled sports performers causing common barriers to disability sports participation?
- Lower expectations by society
- Segregated sport
- Usually negative about abilities/sport being not safe and low standards of performance
- Can lead to low self-esteem and confidence
- Poor media coverage/lack of role models
What lack of opportunities/provision lead to common barriers to disability sports participation?
- Lack of specialised coaches
- Lack of facilities/equipment adopted to disabilities
- Less clubs/competitions
- Less disposable income, mobility, transport
Suggest solutions to disability sports participation
- Provide more opportunities for success
- Help talented athletes reach the highest levels possible e.g. Paralympics
- Increased investment in disabled sport - being subsidised
- Provide transport to facilities, improved access into/around facilities
- Improved technology e.g. Prosthetics/wheelchairs
- Increased media coverage
- Education on stereotyping/challenging attitudes
- Design activities for disabilities e.g. Boccia, wheelchair basketball/rugby
- Organisations to develop new opportunities (Sport England/EFDS)
When identifying barriers to participation in relation to disability, what is it important to do?
- Link coaching to a shortage of specially trained leaders/coaches
- Link activities to a failure to modify/adapt them
What are the benefits of physical activity to disabled people?
- Improve health and fitness
- Improved self-esteem and confidence
- Improved integration with communities
- Develop new skills
- Reduce stereotypes
Define race
The physical characteristics of an individual
Define ethnic group
A group of people who share common origins - most usually on grounds of nationality, race or religion
Define ethnic minority group
When a particular group form a small proportion or subculture in a population
Define racism
The suggestion that one particular ethnic group is superior to another on the basis of skin colour or religion
Desine racial stereotyping
Whereby individuals are categorised into what they are capable of doing according to religion or skin e.g. the notion that all black people are good at sprinting
What is stacking/channeling?
- A belief that there are certain races with genetically predisposed to certain characteristics
- This results in these groups being pushed into certain sports or positions - this is known as stacking
- The athlete receives good coaching and support and inevitably they succeed
- This then reinforces the stereotypes
E.g. hockey, swimming, equestrianism, rowing all have predominantly white participants
What common barriers, in terms of stereotypes and discrimination, do ethnic groups face when participating in sports?
- Stereotypes and stacking
- Racism/discrimination may prevent access to some clubs
- Perceived racism/fear of abuse
- Less media coverage so less role models
What common barriers in terms of opportunity and provision do ethnic groups face during sports participation?
- Ethnic preferences maybe different to mainstream provision
- Culture/religious restrictions
- Family may have other priorities for some minority groups e.g. academic
- Links to lower socio-economic status/finance/transport
How can we overcome the barriers to sports participation for ethnic groups?
- Ethnic minority groups have been identified as target groups by Sport England who have made raising participation part of their policies
- Campaigns e.g. Kick racism out of football
- NGBs are required to have equal opportunities policy to avoid discrimination
- TOPS programmes, Sportivate, Active Sports etc all aim to increase participation rates amongst all members of communities
- The Rooney Rule
Have the barriers to ethnic minority groups been overcome?
YES:
- Active people survey shows an increase in participation from all ethnic groups
- Training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers and sports leaders
- Racism is punished by NGBs/courts
- Range of sports participated in by ethnic minority groups
- Role models from all ethnic groups are now used (sporting equals)
- Youth Sport Trust actively recruit from ethnic minority groups for positions of responsibility
School programmes are:
- Encouraging participation in extra curricular activities
- Creating links with external clubs
- Using role models from ethnic minority groups
- Offering a wider range of activities and considering ethnic preferences
- Raising expectations
- Avoiding channeling
- Ensuring kit rules are reflective of cultural norms
NO:
- Participation from some ethnic minority groups is still higher in certain sports
- Still some groups/sports under-represented
- There are still examples of racism at matches
- Still fewer role models in some sports
- Still fewer ethnic minority groups managerial/administrative roles
- Inequality still exists
- Channeling still exists
Define sexism
When (usually) women are discriminated against as a result of stereotypical views of he strengths and qualities of women in sport and the gender role than women are expected to take in society
In terms of opportunity and provision, what are the barriers to participation to women in sport?
- Women often receive less support from friends and family
- Many sports are male dominated and women have limited membership rights
- Less funding/prize money/sponsorship
- Fewer clubs/range of sports/available income
- Lack of leisure time and disposable income
Negative impact of school PE:
- PE kit unflattering/revealing and so girls feel self-conscious
- Curriculum is often based on competitive games activities - not enough variety
- ‘Changing the Game’ (2012) report stated 51% of all girls were put off physical activity by their experiences of school sport and PE
In terms of stereotypes and discrimination, what are the barriers to participation in sport to women?
- Women receive less media coverage
- Media coverage often centres around factors other than performance e.g. attractiveness
- Fewer managerial roles for women in sport
- Fewer role models
Suggest possible solutions to gender inequality in sport
- Introduce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful
- Encourage greater social acceptance of women having jobs/careers with more disposable income
- Encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities creating more leisure time
- Increased media coverage
- Increased sponsorship
- Provide education to reject the stereotypical myths - ‘Changing the Game for Girls’
Why are women often encouraged to take part in activities such as aerobics rather than competitive sport?
- Socially acceptable/feminine image
- Slim/toning
- Accessible/can do at home
- Development for women traditionally
- Social friendships
- Non-competitive/no pressure/non-contact
- Indoor/comfortable environment
Have the barriers to participation for women in sport been overcome?
YES:
- Sport England policies target increasing participation amongst women
- Increased funding/sponsorship/media coverage
- Increased media coverage and role models
- More female coaches and managers
- Increased opportunities/clubs for women
- Bans for sexist actions
- School PE/extra-curricular programmes encourage girls to participate/classes/in gym
- More socially acceptable for women to take part
NO:
- Still fewer women in top jobs
- Still less than in Men’s sport/unequal prize money
- Still less media coverage and fewer role models than in Men’s sport
- Still less coaches than in men’s sport
- Women still receive less sport from family/friends
- Sexism still exists
- Sport still male dominated and limited membership right for some sports
- Women still seen as masculine if muscular
- Still more boys than girls taking part in school PE programmes
What are the reasons for women’s football becoming more and more accessible?
- Increased opportunities in society
- Increased media coverage e.g. World Cup in Canada 2015
- More opportunities in school pe to play football
- More clubs locally
- Rejection of stereotypes
- General increase in leisure time and disposable income
- More opportunities to play professionally
- Successes of 2012 olympics and 2015 World Cup
What are the health benefits of raising participation in physical activity?
- Reduced risk of heart disease/stroke
- Avoidance of high/low blood pressure
- Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
- Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
- Strengthening bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis
- Improved mental health and stress management
- Decreased risk of conditions such as anxiety/depression
- Decreased risk of some cancer
What are the fitness benefits to raising participation in physical activity?
- Improved posture
- Improved body shape
- Improved CV fitness
- Improved muscular strength/endurance
- Improved agility/balance/coordination
- Improved speed/power
- Improved reaction time
What are the social benefits of raising participation in physical activity?
- Raised levels of serotonin and endorphins have a calming effect
- Improved sleep patterns
- Boost a person’s mood and relationship
- Social and emotional health improved, confidence, self-esteem
- Sport introduces us to how people share common interest/and help develop friendships/relationships
