Feedback and Guidance Flashcards
What are the 6 purposes of feedback?
1 - Motivates
2 - Tells you what to do next time/how to improve
3 - Builds confidence
4 - Offers reinforcement
5 - Promotes learning by strengthening S-R bond
6 - Helps develop motor programmes
What are the 6 types of feedback?
1 - Intrinsic 2 - Extrinsic 3 - Positive 4 - Negative 5 - Knowledge of performance 6 - Knowledge of results
Describe intrinsic feedback
Information which is... - From within the performer - From proprioceptors - Usually about knowledge of performance E.g. you can feel if you are holding a handstand still in gymnastics
How is intrinsic feedback helpful?
You can feel if your technique is correct or incorrect and can fix it if incorrect
Describe extrinsic feedback
Information which is... - Feedback from outside the performer - Verbal - Visual E.g. coach commending you when you make good pass in football
How is extrinsic feedback helpful?
It motivates when doing the right thing
Corrections can be made when performing incorrectly
Describe positive feedback
- Praise when successfully performed
- Reinforces learning by strengthening S-R bond
- Use with beginners when they make small improvements
- Must be balanced so it doesn’t give false impression of success
How is positive feedback helpful?
It is motivating
Describe negative feedback
- Criticism when performance is unsuccessful
- Usually extrinsic from coach
- Used more extensively with experts
How is negative feedback helpful?
It highlights errors so you can make improvements
Describe knowledge of results
- Information about the outcome of performance
E.g. Did that shot go in?
How is knowledge of results helpful?
- Highlights errors
- Motivating when performance is successful
Describe knowledge of performance
Feedback concerning…
- Information about how well a movement was executed
- How close technique was to perfect technical model
- During action - can feel if correct or not
How is knowledge of performance helpful?
- Gives information about correct technique
What are the 4 types of guidance?
1 - Visual
2 - Verbal
3 - Manual
4 - Mechanical
What is Visual guidance?
When the learner is shown a visual image of the skill or movement
This can by by:
- Demonstration
- Moving images (video animation/slow motion)
- Still images/pictures
Who is visual guidance for and why?
- Important for learners in the cognitive/early associative stages of learning
- To provide a clear idea if the movement pattern and technique and develop a mental image
- Good for large groups
- Important for injury prevention
How can you make visual guidance effective?
- Demonstrations should be accurate
- The learner must be paying attention and in best position to see
- Attention directed to the key aspects of the skill - known as ‘cueing’
- Demonstrations are repeated but aren’t too long
- Demonstrations seem attainable : use models of similar age/ability
- Make sure the skill is within performer’s physical and mental capabilities
What is verbal guidance?
Use of speech to describe the desired movement
- Often used alongside visual guidance to highlight important aspects of a demonstration
- Limited use in isolation as many skills are difficult to describe
- To make verbal guidance effective it is important not to speak for too long or bottleneck will result
What is manual guidance?
- This is when the response of a performer is directed physically by another person e.g. a tennis coach holding the arm of a performer and taking their arm through the movement of a forehand stroke
- This is most effective for beginners and/or when the skill is difficult or dangerous
- The disadvantage of this type of guidance is that the performer may not develop their own kinaesthetic feel of the movement, so it should be used sparingly
What is mechanical guidance?
- This is physical support for a performer from another person or mechanical device e.g. armbands for swimming, stabilisers for a bicycle, coach supporting a gymnast over a vault
- This kind of support gives the performer confidence to ‘have a go’ at an activity/task as they know that they are safe
- It allows the performer to develop a kinaesthetic feel of the skill
