Skill and Transfer Flashcards
Identify and explain all 7 characteristics of skill
Use the mnemonic ACEFACE:
1 Aesthetically pleasing - flowing, smooth and are appeaaling to the eye
2 Consistent - performed with few mistakes and success is repeatable
3 Efficient - minimisation of time, no time is wasted
4 Fluent - good technique, movement is coordinated and controlled
5 Accurate - goal direced, pre-determined
6 Controlled and learned - not born able to perform the skill and don’t improve through maturation
7 Economical - minimisation of energy, looks effortless
Explain the discrete-serial-continuous continuum
- Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end e.g. tennis serve, shot put, long jump
- Serial skills are composed of several discrete elements strung together e.g triple jump, floor routine in gymnastics
- Continuous skills have no clear beginning or end e.g. running, swimming, cycling
Explain the open-closed continuum
- Open skills are varied according to what is happening in the environment e.g. hockey tackle, marathon, pass in football
- Closed skills can be performed with little or no reference to the environment e.g. free throw in basketball, discus throw, shot put
Explain the pacing continuum
- Self paced skills are when the performer controls the rate at which the skills is executed e.g. golf swing, pole vault
- Externally paced skills are when the environment controls the rate at which the skills is executed e.g. sailing, rugby tackle, swimming start
Explain the gross-fine continuum
- Gross skills involve large muscle movements and are not particularly precise e.g. weight lifting, discus throw, rugby tackle
- Fine skills involve small muscle movements and usually require a high degree of precision e.g. golf putt, archery, shooting
Explain the simple-complex continuum
- Simple skills involve little information processing/decision making e.g. golf swing, sprint start, long jump
- Complex skills involve lots of information processing/decision making e.g. pass in football, tennis return, rugby tackle
Explain the high-low continuum
- High skills are difficult to break down into parts e.g. free throw, football pass, football shot
- Low skills are easy to break down into parts e.g. swimming, triple jump, dive
Describe the whole method pf practice
A skill is presented in total and practiced as a full movement i.e. without breaking it down into parts or sub-routines
Describe the progressive part method of practice
Each sub-routine is a link in a chain; the first and second parts are taught then linked together. The third part is taught and added onto the ‘chain’ etc.
Describe the whole-part-whole method of pratice
- Learner tries out the whole skill
- Subroutines are practiced separately until perfected
- Subroutines integrated back into the whole skill again
Classify both the whole and progressive part method in: organisation, complexity, danger and continuity
High organisation skills are best taught using the whole method as it is difficult to split these skills up into parts, whereas low organisation skills are easier to split these skills up into parts.
Simple skills are easy to teach using whole method as there is little information processing required. Complex skills are taught in parts so it is easier to manage the large amounts of information processing.
Low danger skills can be taught using the whole method as there are little precautions that need to be inputted into the task. High danger skills are best taught using part progressive method so they can be simplified and made safer
Continuous skills are best taught using the whole method because it is too difficult to split up into parts. Serial skills are taught in parts as they are several elements strung together.
What is massed practice?
- Continuous practice with little or no rest in between attempts
- Learner works continuously at a skill until it is mastered or until time runs out.
What is distributed practice?
- Practice with relatively long intervals between each block of attempts
- The intervals could be rest periods or the teacher/coach could set alternative tasks
- It is important that no negative transfer occurs in these tasks
What is variable practice?`
- Varying practice is important when a performer is learning a skills which need to be used in different situations.
- Varying practice is important for open skills as the situation will be different every time.
What is mental practice?
The brain cannot tell the difference between the imagined experience and performing a skill for real, so the same impulses are sent through the nervous system. When this happens, the pathway is ‘imprinted’ on the nervous system so when you perform the skill it is familiar and more comfortable.
