Industrial and Post-Industrial (1780-1900) (Stage 2) Flashcards
How does post industrial society change from pre-industrial society?
Pre-industrial - Post industrial
Seasonal/agricultural work - Factory hours, same all year around
Limited transport and communications - Both improved, development of railways and printing press/newspapers
Illiteracy widespread - increased literacy
Violent/cruel lifestyle - civilised lifestyle, improved law and order
Feudal society, two-tier - three-tier society developed
Limited technology - more advanced technology
What are the differences between popular and rational recreation?
Few, non-strict rules - rules codified/refereed
Violent/cruel - respectable/fair play and non-violent
Occasional - regular (organised leagues/competitions
No NGBs - NGBs
Played in rural areas - regional/national, purpose built facilities e.g. pitches
No space/time/kit/player restrictions
Little skill involved - high levels of skill involved, developed of specialist positions/division of labour
Wagering - controlled wagering
In the early 19th Century, what are the negative effects on sport for the working classes?
- Less open land space
- Lack of public provision (no access to facilities for working classes)
- Long working hours
- Low wages (little disposable income)
- Poor health
- Loss of rights
In the late 19th Century, what are the positive effects on sport for the working classes?
- Bigger, better machines meant work was done faster
- Reduced working hours
- Concept of athleticism was educated (there was a link between physical endeavor, a healthy body and a healthy mind)
- The ex-public school boys began sports clubs
- Industrial patronage (factory teams formed and regular fixtures played)
- Health benefits
- Wages increased
How did the industrial revolution affect influence transport? How did this affect sport?
- Steam trains and railways were developed which meant regular fixtures could be played in different towns. Spectatorism also further increased
- Travel became cheaper so participation and spectatorism became more accessible
- Access to the countryside improved so recreational activities such as rambling became more accessible to the working classes
How did the industrial revolution affect communications? How did this affect sport?
- Printing presses and telegraph lines were developed, which meant sports results became more readily available. This created the opportunity to support teams and led to the emergence of sporting heroes/role models
- Education provision for the working classes also improved towards the end of the 19th century and so alongside improved opportunities to read about sport - literacy amongst the working classes improved
What are the social factors influencing the increase in spectatorism? (7 points)
1 - Increase in disposable income meant people could afford to travel and watch sport
2 - Increase in leisure time meant people had more free time to watch/play
3 - Improved transport e.g. railways meant people could travel further away to watch
4 - Emergence of the middle classes led to the beginning of people needing to be entertained
5 - Improvement in communications meant people were able to find out certain fixtures
6 - Urbanisation meant there was less space to play so more had to watch
7 - Factory owners (& vicars) set up teams meant people were able to support teams, develop athleticism - professional teams emerged, NGBs formed who standardised rules and created leagues
What influences did church have on sport?
- Sport began to be viewed as a distraction from gambling and drinking. Sport was promoted as it encouraged athleticism (link between healthy body and mind) and the benefits of sport to the community
- The YMCA became an athletic and religious centre. Sport was used to:
1. recruit new members and boost church attendance
2. improve social control i.e. improve behaviour - Sunday school teams were formed - football clubs such as Barnsley, QPR, Aston Villa and Everton were all developed by the chuch
- The Boys Brigade was also set up to get boys off the streets and channelling their energy with religious ideals in mind
Describe the middle class of the three tier society
- Had been educated at public schools and university (became the ‘old boys’)
- Became managers at factories
- Were rich but not as rich as upper class
- Did not have as much free time as upper classes
- Copied and developed upper class sports
- Gave sports amateur codes i/e/ played for no financial rewards
- They were philanthropists - kind, generous well-meaning individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to provide for a better life from among the working classes
How did the middle classes impact on opportunities for the working classes?
- Codification, the ‘old boys’ took responsibility for developing and agreeing written rules amongst all those playing - these groups of old boys became the founder members of NGBs
- Competitions, at the same time as NGBs evolved there was an increase in the number of clubs. This meant formal rules were a necessity, as clubs started playing friendly games and formed leagues for competitions. NGBs became responsible for coordinating and organising these events
- Public provision, the middle class philanthropists developed public facilities such as parks and public baths
- Increased leisure time, factory workers gradually gave their workers half days which allowed them to participate in or watch sport
- Move to professionalism, as the middle classes developed sport teams they employ the better players from the working classes to play in their teams, and ‘professionalism’ developed. The players were given broken time payments from the revenue raised from paying spectators.
Explain how sport was spread throughout the British Empire
- As teachers - they returned to the public schools where they developed teams and continued to teach the values of athleticism
- As industrialists - set up factory teams and gave their workers time off to play. Broken time payments were given also
- As clergy - developed teams. Became missionaries and took sport abroad
- As officers in the British Army - spread sport throughout the Empire
- As diplomats - travelled the world and took sport with them
- Formed NGBs - codified sport, established leagues and competitions which spread nationally then internationally
What influence did NGBs have on development of sport?
- Codification
- Development of clubs
- Increase in national/international fixtures
- Development of leagues/competitions
Define an amateur
Plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Define a professional
Plays sport for financial gain
What are the differences between 19th century professionals and amateurs?
- Amateurs were upper/middle classes, professionals were working class
- Amateurs were wealthy, professionals were poor
- Amateurs had lots of free time and didn’t need to work, professionals had long working hours and little free time
- Amateurs were respected members of society with high status and public school backgrounds, professionals had a low status in society
- Amateurs had no need to train, playing was a privilege. Training was discouraged as it would constitute professionalism, professionals were committed to training - needed to perform as well as possible
Amateurs had high morality - emphasis on taking part and sportsmanship evident. Athleticism important, professionals had low morality - winning was all important so were open to bribes/would cheat to win/corruptible - Amateurs played a range of sports using God given talent, professionals played one sport in order to play at highest standard
This reflected what society was like for the different classes
