The human brain Flashcards
What are the six majot regions of the brain
The cerebum
The cerebellum
The diencephalon
The midbrain
The pons
The medualla oblongata
How is the cerebellum divided
divided into paired cerebral hemisphere by the longtitudnal fissure
How does the cerebum communicate
via the corpus callosum, an extensive bridge of nerve tracts
What are the elevations and depression of the cerebrum called
Gyri is elevation and sulci is depression
The deeper grooves/sulci are called fissures
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe
Primary motor area and conscious thought, personality, problem solving and speech production
What is the primary function of the temporal lobe
primary auditory, taste, smell and speech recognition area
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe
primary somatosensory area (pain, touch etc)
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe
primary visual area, eye movements
What is the primary motor cortex
frontal lobe (directs voluntary movement)
What is the primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
What are the speical sensory cortexes
Visual cortex is occipital lobe
Auditory, olfactory and gustatory cortex is temporal lobe
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced
In the choroid plexus within ventricles
What part does CSF fill
fill ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and abarachnoid space
What is the function of CSF
Cushions brain and spinal cord against physical trauma
Supports brain
Transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products
What is contralateral control
The motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere is mainly responsible for control of movements of the opposite side of the body
What is the broca’s area and where is it located
The speech center responsible for articulation of motor production of speech
Is located at the frontal lobe in the dominant hemisphere
What is the name of the general interpretive area and where is it located
Wernicke’s area, responsible for understanding of speech (verbally or spoken)
Is located at the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere
What are the three types of aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive): ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words is chiefly impaired- associated with dominant temporal lobe CVA (cereberal vascular accident)
Broca’s aphasia (expressive): trouble speaking fluently but their comprehnsion can be relatively preserved- associated with frontal lobe/ motor disorders
Global aphasia: both frontal and temporal lobe is affected
What does cerebellum play a part in
produces smooth, coordinated, voluntary movements
Receives amd intergrates sensory input from the eye, ears, joing and muscles about the curent position of the body (proprioception)
State the functions of the midbrain
Relay station between the cerebrum and the spinal cord or cerebellum
Has reflex centers for visual, auditory and tactile stimuli
State the functions of the pons
communicate between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS
State the functioons of medulla oblongata
Containts reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing and vasoconstriction (b.p)
How is blood supplied to the brain
Circle of willis
What is a stroke/ cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
A sudden death of brain cells/ tissue, due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is lost by blockage or rupture of an artery
what are the names of the 12 cranial nerves
Oh (Olfactory)
Oh (Optic)
Oh (Oculomotor)
To (Trochlear)
Turn (Trigeminal)
And (Abducens)
Face (Facial)
A (Auditory/ Vestibulocochlear)
Great (Glossopharyngeal)
Vtuber (Vagus)
Such A (Spinal Accessory)
Honor (Hypoglossal)
What does cranial nerve I do
special sensory (smell)
What does cranial nerve II do
Special sensory (vision)
What does cranial nerve III do
Motor (eye movements)
Constriction and dilation of the pupil
What does cranial nerve IV do
Motor (eye movements)
Supplies the superior oblique muscles (SO4)
What type of nerve is cranial nerve V
Mixed nerve
What does the inflammation of CN V cause
Trigeminal neuralgia: sever pain on the face
What does cranial nerve VI
Motor (eye movements)
Suppiles the lateral rectus (LR6) muscle
What does cranial nerve VII do
Taste on anterior part of the tongue and muscles of facial expression (mixed nerve)
What happens if cranial nerve VII is affected
Facial/ Bell’s palsy, dropping of the corner of the mouth/ cannot close the eye
What does cranial nerve VIII do
Vestibular branch: balance and equilibrium
Cochlear branch: hearing
What does cranial nerve IX
Taste sensation on posterior half of tongue and swallowing
What does cranial nerve X do
Mixed nerve. reduces heart rate
What does cranial nerve XI
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back, elevation and depression of shoulder joint
What does cranial nerve XII
Motor, tongue movements
What is the mnumonic for the the type of nerves in the body
Some say my mother bought my brother some bad beer, my, my
Defintion of a reflex
Rapid, automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli
what is simple reflex
The wriing of a single reflex that begins at the receptor and endds at the peripheral effector
(usually oppose orignal stimulus, aka negative feedback)
Describe how simple reflex is carried out
Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor, activation of sensory neuron, information processing by posynaptic cell, activation of motor neuron, response of peripheral effector
How many synapse is in a simple reflex and give examples of simple reflex
one
Knee jerk, popliteal reflex
What is a complex reflex
circuit has more than one synapse
What is a withdrawal reflex
A type of complex reflex, where one moves body aprt away from stimulus
Give an example of a withdrawal reflex
When one touches a hot pan, the pain receptors in hand are stimulated, interneurons activated in spinal cord gray matter, activation of motor neuorns produces flexor muscles contraction and extensor muscle inhibition
What type of control does SNS operate under
voluntary control
What muscles do SNS control
controls skeletal muscles
What is type of control does the ANS operate under
unconscious regulation of body functions, cardiovascular etc
Controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
What is the function of sympathetic division and when does it “kick in”
Increases alertness, metabolic rate and muscular abilities
“Kicks in” only during exertion, stress or emergency
“Fight or flight”
What is the function of the parasympathetic division
Reduces metababolic rate and promotes digestion
controls during resting conditions
“rest and digest”
What type of neurons play a role in the Sympathetic division
Preganglionic neurons at spinal cord and ganglionic neurons near vertebral column
What type of neurons play a role in the parasympathetic division
Preganglionic neurons in brain stem and sacral segment of spinal cord
Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganlia within or adjacent to target organs
