The human brain Flashcards by Rhoanne Grace

What are the six majot regions of the brain

The cerebum
The cerebellum
The diencephalon
The midbrain
The pons
The medualla oblongata

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How is the cerebellum divided

divided into paired cerebral hemisphere by the longtitudnal fissure

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How does the cerebum communicate

via the corpus callosum, an extensive bridge of nerve tracts

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What are the elevations and depression of the cerebrum called

Gyri is elevation and sulci is depression

The deeper grooves/sulci are called fissures

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What is the primary function of the frontal lobe

Primary motor area and conscious thought, personality, problem solving and speech production

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What is the primary function of the temporal lobe

primary auditory, taste, smell and speech recognition area

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What is the primary function of the parietal lobe

primary somatosensory area (pain, touch etc)

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What is the primary function of the occipital lobe

primary visual area, eye movements

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What is the primary motor cortex

frontal lobe (directs voluntary movement)

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What is the primary sensory cortex

parietal lobe

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What are the speical sensory cortexes

Visual cortex is occipital lobe

Auditory, olfactory and gustatory cortex is temporal lobe

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Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced

In the choroid plexus within ventricles

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What part does CSF fill

fill ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and abarachnoid space

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What is the function of CSF

Cushions brain and spinal cord against physical trauma

Supports brain

Transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products

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What is contralateral control

The motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere is mainly responsible for control of movements of the opposite side of the body

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What is the broca’s area and where is it located

The speech center responsible for articulation of motor production of speech

Is located at the frontal lobe in the dominant hemisphere

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What is the name of the general interpretive area and where is it located

Wernicke’s area, responsible for understanding of speech (verbally or spoken)

Is located at the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere

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What are the three types of aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive): ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words is chiefly impaired- associated with dominant temporal lobe CVA (cereberal vascular accident)

Broca’s aphasia (expressive): trouble speaking fluently but their comprehnsion can be relatively preserved- associated with frontal lobe/ motor disorders

Global aphasia: both frontal and temporal lobe is affected

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What does cerebellum play a part in

produces smooth, coordinated, voluntary movements

Receives amd intergrates sensory input from the eye, ears, joing and muscles about the curent position of the body (proprioception)

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State the functions of the midbrain

Relay station between the cerebrum and the spinal cord or cerebellum

Has reflex centers for visual, auditory and tactile stimuli

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State the functions of the pons

communicate between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

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State the functioons of medulla oblongata

Containts reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing and vasoconstriction (b.p)

How is blood supplied to the brain

Circle of willis

What is a stroke/ cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A sudden death of brain cells/ tissue, due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is lost by blockage or rupture of an artery

what are the names of the 12 cranial nerves

Oh (Olfactory) Oh (Optic) Oh (Oculomotor) To (Trochlear) Turn (Trigeminal) And (Abducens) Face (Facial) A (Auditory/ Vestibulocochlear) Great (Glossopharyngeal) Vtuber (Vagus) Such A (Spinal Accessory) Honor (Hypoglossal)

What does cranial nerve I do

special sensory (smell)

What does cranial nerve II do

Special sensory (vision)

What does cranial nerve III do

Motor (eye movements) Constriction and dilation of the pupil

What does cranial nerve IV do

Motor (eye movements) Supplies the superior oblique muscles (SO4)

What type of nerve is cranial nerve V

Mixed nerve

What does the inflammation of CN V cause

Trigeminal neuralgia: sever pain on the face

What does cranial nerve VI

Motor (eye movements) Suppiles the lateral rectus (LR6) muscle

What does cranial nerve VII do

Taste on anterior part of the tongue and muscles of facial expression (mixed nerve)

What happens if cranial nerve VII is affected

Facial/ Bell's palsy, dropping of the corner of the mouth/ cannot close the eye

What does cranial nerve VIII do

Vestibular branch: balance and equilibrium Cochlear branch: hearing

What does cranial nerve IX

Taste sensation on posterior half of tongue and swallowing

What does cranial nerve X do

Mixed nerve. reduces heart rate

What does cranial nerve XI

Motor to muscles of neck and upper back, elevation and depression of shoulder joint

What does cranial nerve XII

Motor, tongue movements

What is the mnumonic for the the type of nerves in the body

Some say my mother bought my brother some bad beer, my, my

Defintion of a reflex

Rapid, automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli

what is simple reflex

The wriing of a single reflex that begins at the receptor and endds at the peripheral effector (usually oppose orignal stimulus, aka negative feedback)

Describe how simple reflex is carried out

Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor, activation of sensory neuron, information processing by posynaptic cell, activation of motor neuron, response of peripheral effector

How many synapse is in a simple reflex and give examples of simple reflex

one Knee jerk, popliteal reflex

What is a complex reflex

circuit has more than one synapse

What is a withdrawal reflex

A type of complex reflex, where one moves body aprt away from stimulus

Give an example of a withdrawal reflex

When one touches a hot pan, the pain receptors in hand are stimulated, interneurons activated in spinal cord gray matter, activation of motor neuorns produces flexor muscles contraction and extensor muscle inhibition

What type of control does SNS operate under

voluntary control

What muscles do SNS control

controls skeletal muscles

What is type of control does the ANS operate under

unconscious regulation of body functions, cardiovascular etc Controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

What is the function of sympathetic division and when does it "kick in"

Increases alertness, metabolic rate and muscular abilities "Kicks in" only during exertion, stress or emergency "Fight or flight"

What is the function of the parasympathetic division

Reduces metababolic rate and promotes digestion controls during resting conditions "rest and digest"

What type of neurons play a role in the Sympathetic division

Preganglionic neurons at spinal cord and ganglionic neurons near vertebral column

What type of neurons play a role in the parasympathetic division

Preganglionic neurons in brain stem and sacral segment of spinal cord Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganlia within or adjacent to target organs