renal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the renal system

A

Kidneys (produce/ excrete urine)

Urinary track (elimnate urine)
- ureters (paired tube)
- urinary bladder (muscular sac)
- urethra (exit tube)

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2
Q

What is urination. micturition and how does it take place

A

Process of eliminating urine

Contraction of muscular urinary bladder forces urine thorugh urethra and out of body

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3
Q

What is the function of the renal system

A

Excretion
- removal of organic wastes from body fluids

Elimination
-discharge of waste products

Homeostatic regulation
- regulation of blood plasma volume and solute concentration

Regulates blood volume and b.p
- adjusting volume of water lost in urine and releasing etythropoeitin and renin

Regulates plasma ion concentrations
- Sodium, potassium and chloride ions
- calcium ion levels

Stabilize blood pH
- controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

Conserves valuable nutrients
- preventing excretion while excretion organic waste products

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4
Q

Location of kidney

A

Located on either side of the vertebral column

Left kidney superior to the right

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5
Q

what is the position of the kidneys maintained by

A

Overlying peritoneum, contact with adjacent visceral organs and supporting connective tissues

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6
Q

What are the differnet parts of the kidney (not v impt)

A

Hilum, fibrous capsule, renal cortex and renal medulla, major calyx and renal pelvis

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7
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney

A

Adrenal artery and renal artery

Renal vein

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8
Q

What is a nephron and where is it located

A

It is the basic functional unti of the kidney where urine production begins and is located in the cortex of each renal lobe

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9
Q

What structures make up the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and the capillary network, glomerulus

Is where the renal tubule begins

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nephron

A

Renal corpuscle
- site of filtration

Renal tubule
- reabsorbs urseful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
- reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate
- secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corupscle through filtration at glomerulus

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11
Q

State what takes place at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

Reabsorption of water, ions and all organic nutrients

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12
Q

State what takes place at the distal convolute tubule (DCT)

A

Secretion of acids, drug and ammonia

Vairable reabsorption of water, sodium ions

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13
Q

What is the function of collecting ducts

A

Receive fluid from many nephrons and carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx

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14
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex (IDK if i needa know this)

A

An endocrine structure that secretes erythropoietin and renin

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15
Q

What is the puprose of urine prodution

A

Maintain homeostasis by regulating volume and composition of blood and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea, creatinine and uric acid)

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16
Q

What happens to organic waste products

A

Dissolved in bloodstream, elimintaed while dissolved in urine and removal is accompanies by water loss

17
Q

What is the basic process of urine formation

A

Filtration at glomerulus
- Blood pressure force water into renal corpuscle bringing along solute molecules

Reabsorption at the PCT
- reabsorption of fluid and solute molecules into the peritubular fluid to return to blood circulation

Secretion at the DCT
- transport of residue solute molecules that are not removed by filtration into tubular fluid and then into the urine

18
Q

What hormones play a role in reabsorbtion and secretion at the renal tubule

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): reansorption of water into blood resulting in more concentrated urine

Aldosterone: Reabsorption of sodium ions into blood to prevent loss in urine

19
Q

What are the solutes normally found in the urine

A

Sodium and potatassium ion

Urea, uric acid and creatinine

Ammonia

Bicarbonate ions

20
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the average amount produced per minute

A

Amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute

Average 125 mL/min

21
Q

What affects the GFR

A

Autoregulation

Autonomic regulation

Hormonal regulation

22
Q

Blood pressure impact on the GFR

A

Reduced blood flow decreases GFR, dilation of afferent arteriole n glomerular capilaries, constriction of efferent arterioles

23
Q

Rise in renal blood pressure

A

Constricts afferent arteriolesm decreases glomerular blood flow and thickning of glomerulus and arterioles resulting from long term high BP

24
Q

What is the function of the ureters

A

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

25
How many liters of urine are produced in a day
1 to 1.8 liters
26
what is the function of the urethra
Urine excretion, from urinary bladder to exterior of body In females it only carries urine In males it caries urine and sperm
27
what is micturition
emptying of the urinary bladder
28
What are the age related changes to the renal system
Decline in number of functional nephrons Reduction in GFR Reduced sensitivy to ADH and aldosterone Problems with micturition reflex - sphincter muscles lose tone leading to incontinence - control of micturition can be lost due to a stokem, Alzheimer's diseasem, and other CNS problems - urinary retention may develop in males if enlarged prostate glad compresses the urethra and restricts urine flow
29
What will not be found in the urine
RBC Glucose Protein