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General anatomy and physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system

A

The glands of the endocrine system produce chemical messengers or hormones, which are involved in the regulation of various other functions.

The endocrine system works very closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What are target cells

A

Special cells that possesss receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages

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3
Q

What is the control center of the endocrine system

A

hypothalmus

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4
Q

what are hormones

A

hormones are chemical messengers released by the endocrine glands and transported by the bloodstream to target cells in other tissues, affecting the target cell’s metabolism

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5
Q

What are the actions of hormons on their target cell

A

Increase the uptake of particular substances

Alter the target cell’s structure in some way

Influence cell metabolism

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6
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • Body temperature and salt water balance
  • Adrenal medulla through sympathetic nervous system
  • Secretion of pituitary gland and peripheral endocrine organs such as adrenals, gonads and thyroid
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7
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

by producing hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones.

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8
Q

Using thyroid releasing hormone as an example, show how the hypothalmus controls the anterior pituitary gland

A

TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone, and TIH inhibits it from secreting thyroid-stimulating hormone. (TSH)

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9
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland and their resepctive functions

A

Anterior lobe, where hormones “turn on” endocrine glands or support other organs

Posterior lobe, which contains unmyelinated axons of hypothalamic neurons and stores and releases hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What are the hormones that the anterior pitutory gland produces

A

ACTH (adrenal)
TSH (thyroid)
PRL (Prolactin)
GH (growth)
LH (sexual hormone)
FSH (sexual hormone- follicle stimulating hormone)

All the pretty girls love foxes

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11
Q

What are the hormones the posterior lobe of pituratry produces

A

OXT
ADH

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12
Q

The hormone that is neither here nor there, melanocytes

A

Is melanocyte stimulating hormone under anterior or pitutary gland-

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13
Q

What conditions can too much growth hormones cause

A

Gigantism

Acromegaly

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14
Q

What does a deficency of ADH result in

A

diabetes insipidus

  • results in large amount of urine, resulting in severe dehydration and loss of important ions
  • can be corrected with administering ADH.
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15
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce

A

T3, T4 and calcitonin

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16
Q

What are the physiologic effects of thyroid hormones

A

Calorigenic effect
- cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation
- is responsible for strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism

Growth

Development
- essential for development of the fetal and neonatal brain

Important for nomral functioning of cardiovascular, nervous and reproductive system

17
Q

What does hyperthyroidism result in

A

A goiter may be formed and eyes protrude from edema in eye socket tissues

Symptoms: hyperactivity, nervouness and irritability

Lab test: T3 and 4 increased, TSH decreased, TRH decreased

Treatment: Surgical removal or destruction of a portion of the thyroid by radioactive iodine

18
Q

What does hypothyroidism result in children

A

Congenital hypothyroidism (Cretinism)
- underdevlopment of thyroid at birth, intellectual disability may result if thyroid hormone therapy is not begun in the first 2 months

19
Q

What does hypothyroidism result in adults

A

Myxedema

Symptoms: lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, slower pulse, cold intolerance, lowered body temperature

Lab Test: T3 and 4 decreased in blood, TSH and TRH increased

Treatment: administration of thyroid hormones restores normal function

20
Q

What is the parathyroid glands function

A

Produces PTH (parathyroid hormone) to increase calcium ion concentration in body fluids

21
Q

What does the adrenal gland consist of

A

Adrenal cortex which stores lipids and consits of corticosteroids

Adrenal medulla controled by sympathetic division of ANS
- produces adrenaline, metabolic changes persist for several mintues

22
Q

Give an example of mineralocorticoids and when secretion takes place

A

Example: Aldosterone
- stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions
- increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds

Secretion responds to:
- drop in blood sodium (Na+), blood volume, or blood pressure
- rise in blood potassium (K+) concentration

23
Q

Give an example of mineralocorticoids and its functions

A

Secretion is controlled by ACTH.
- examples: cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone

Functions:
- regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
- raise the blood glucose level.
- active in the stress response and the repair of damaged tissues.
- relieve swelling and pain from inflammation.

24
Q

Name the three type of cells in the pancreas and where they are located

A

In the islets of Langerhans

A cells (glucagon)
B cells (insulin)
D cells (somatostatin)

25
Q

how does pancrease differet from other endocrine organs

A

pancrease is not under pituitary control and responds directly to changes in blood glucose levels

26
Q

when is insulin secreted and what does it do

A

When blood glucoses levels are high, stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells (liver, muscle and adipose cells)

27
Q

When is glucagon secreted and waht does it do

A

Secreted when blood glucose levels are low

Stimulates the liver to break down glucogen to glucose, promotes the use of fat and protein in preference to glucose and adipose cells break down fat to glycerol and fatty acids

To raise blood glucose level

28
Q

When does diabetes mellitus take place (IMPT)

A

DM is due to either hyposecretion of insulin or decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors

29
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes (IMPT)

A

Polyuria (frequent urination)
Polyphagia (constant hunger)
polydypsia (drinks a lot of water as one is always thirsty)
Fatigue and weight loss
Glycosuria: Glucose is excreted in the urine
Hyperglycemia: An excess of glucose in the blood

30
Q

What are the endocrine tissue of ther systems

A

Intestines (promote digestive activites)

Kidneys (produce hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin n enzyme renin that increases bv n bp)

heart (produce ANP which reduces bp n bv)

thymus (produce thymosisns)

Adipose tissue secretions (leptin)

Gonads

31
Q

Give examples of the hormones that testes produce

A

androgens:
- Testosterone,
promotes production of functional sex cells (sperm)
- Maintain secretory glands of male reproductive tract
- Determine secondary sex characteristics

Affects metabolic activities: protein synthesis, muscle growth
- produces aggressive behavorial responses
- affects embryonic development of sexual organs

Nurse cells secrete inhibin
- maintain sperm productions at normal levels

32
Q

What does the ovaries produce

A

Follicle cells (by FSH) produce estrogens
- support maturation of oocyte to ovum
- stimulate growth of uterus lining
- development of secondary sexual characteristics.

After ovulation estrogens and progesterone realeased,
- Progesterone: speeds up movement of fertilized eggs along uterine tubes, prepares uterus for arrival of developing embryo, causes mammary gland to enlarge

33
Q

What are the four type of effects of hormone interactio

A

Antagonistic (opposing) effects

Synergistic (additive) effects

Permissive effects
- one hormone is necessary for another to produce effect

Integrative effects
- hormones produce different and complementary results

34
Q

What do homone interaections control

A

Normal growth

Reaction to stress

Alteration of behavious (puberty)

Effects of aging (less responsive)

35
Q

What does growth homones contribute to in children and adults

A

In children, i t support muscular and skleltal development

In adults, it maintains normal blood glucose concentrations and mobilizes lipid reserves

36
Q

What does PTH and calcitriol hormone play a part in

A
  • Promote absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bone
  • Inadequate levels cause weak and flexible bones
37
Q

What does reproductive hormones play a role in

A

Androgens in males, estrogens in females

Stimulate cell growth and differentiation in target tissues

Produce gender related differences in
- skeletal proportions
- secondary sex characteristics

38
Q

What happens to hormones during aging

A

Most hormones remain the same throughout adulthood

Exceptions are the reproductive hormones where changes to target organ receptors more likely to occur through reduced sensitivity

General anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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