Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Functions

Answer 1

Transport:
- Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
- Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues

Protection:
- carries the cells and chemicals of immune system

Regulation: Homeostasis

Question 2

Types of blood vesssels

Answer 2

Arteries: carry blood away from heart
Arterioles: smallest branch of artery

Veins: carry blood towards heart
Venules: collect blood from capillaries

Capilaries: network between artery and vein and called exchage vessels

Question 3

Vascular pathway of blood flow

Answer 3

Arteries –> arterioles –> capilariese –> venules –> veins

Question 4

What is the pulmonary and systemic circuit

Answer 4

Pulmonary circuit: blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs (from right ventricle and left atrium through pulmonary semilunar valve)

systemic circuit: carries blood to and from the body (from left ventricle to right atrium through aortic semilunar valve)

Blood alternates between pulmonary and systemic circuit

Question 5

Location of heart

Answer 5

In the thorax behind the sternum, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum, a space between the two pleural cavities

Question 6

orientation of heart

Answer 6

Base point toward right shoulder, apex directed toward left hip

Question 7

What is the name of the thin membrane that surrounds the heat and its two parts

Answer 7

Pericardium,
the two parts are the parietal pericardium (line surface of pericardial cavity) and visceral pericardium/ epicardium (cover heart)

Question 8

What is the fluid between the two layers of the pericardium

Answer 8

Pericardial fluid

Question 9

Name the three layers of the heart wall

Answer 9

Epicardium
Myocardium (contains cardiac muscles)
Endocardium/ endothelium

Question 10

What are the structural differences between the left and right ventricles

Answer 10

Right ventricular wall is thinner whil the left ventricular wall is thicked to overcome pressure in the aorta

Right ventricle is pouch-shaped which the left ventricle is round

Question 11

What is the structure that seperates the atria

Answer 11

Interatrial septum

Question 12

What is the structure that seperates the ventricles

Answer 12

Interventricular septum

Question 13

What is the function of valves

Answer 13

To prevent the backflow of blood

Question 14

What would happen if the valves malfunction and are unable to close properly

Answer 14

The cardiac output will be decreased and less blood will be pumped around the body. This will result in the patient experincing symptoms such as breathlessness and feel faint

Question 15

What are the names of the valves betweem the atria and ventricles

Answer 15

Atriventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid (right) and Bicuspid (left) valves

Question 16

What are the names of the valvues that are betweem the ventricles and pulmonary artery/ aorta

Answer 16

Pulmonary semilunar
valve and aortic semilunar valves

Question 17

What does the cardiac veins do

Answer 17

drain the myocardium of blood

Question 18

What does the coronary sinus do

Answer 18

A large vein posterior of the heart that receives blood from cardiac veins and empties into right atrium

Question 19

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood too

Answer 19

Right atrium, portions of both vebtricles and cells of sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular nodes

Question 20

Where does the left coronary artery supply blodo too

Answer 20

Left ventricle, left artium and interventricular septum

Question 21

What does the right coronary artery branch into

Answer 21

Marginal and posterior interventricular arteries

Question 22

What does the left coronary artery branch into

Answer 22

Circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries

Question 23

What is the artery that is known as the widow maker

Answer 23

LAD artery, left anterior decending artery

Question 24

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells and what do they do

Answer 24

Conducting system (controls and coordiantes heartbeat ) and contracticle cells (prodcuce contractions that propel blood)

Question 25

What is the name of the proptery of the heart to contract automatically

Answer 25

automaticity

Question 26

What are the structure of the conducting system

Answer 26

Sinoatrial (SA) node: on the wall of right atrium Atriocentricular (AV) node: at junction between atria and ventricles Conducting cells: that interconnect SA and AV nodes and distribute stimulus through myocardium SA node --> AV node --> AV bundle and bundle brances --> purkenji fibres

Question 27

What holds the valves open

Answer 27

chordae tendineae

Question 28

What are the muscles that contract to cause the valves to open

Answer 28

papillary muscles

Question 29

How does the conducting system send signals

Answer 29

SA node activity and atrial activation begin (0 sec) Stimulus spread acros the atrial surfaces and reached the AV node (50 msec) There is a 100 msec delay at the AV node. Atrial contraction begins (150msec) The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers (175 msec) The impulse is distributed by purkinhe fibers and relayed thorughout the ventricular contraction begins (225 msec)

Question 30

What is the pacemaker of the normal heart

Answer 30

SA node

Question 31

What happens if the SA node cannot work

Answer 31

Av node will generate the impulse, if that does no work the abrnormal cells will work, if not a artifical pacemaker will be inserted when natural pacemaker fails

Question 32

What is the normal heart rate

Answer 32

70-80 beats per minute

Question 33

What is the heart rate when AV node generates impulse

Answer 33

40-60 beat per minutet

Question 34

What are the 2 types of abnormal pacemaker function

Answer 34

Bradycardia, abnormally slow heart rate < 60 bpm tachycardia, abnormally fast heart rate > 100bpm

Question 35

What is the ectopic pacemaker

Answer 35

it is abnormal cells that generate high rate of action potentials bypass conducting system and disrupt ventricular contractions, disrupting the rate and rhythm

Question 36

What are the three types of ECG waves

Answer 36

P wave (atrial contraction, at SA node), QRS complex (ventricular contraction) and T wave (ventricular relaxation)

Question 37

What causes the heart sounds

Answer 37

First heart sound ("Lubb") is at the apex of the heart, where AV valves are closing Second heart sound ("Dupp") is due to semilunar valves closing (sound is due to blood hitting against the closed valves) Third and fourth heart sounds dare faint- due to atrial contraction and blood flow into ventricles

Question 38

how to calculate cardiodynamics

Answer 38

CO = HR x SV Cardiac output (mL/min)- amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in 1 minute HR (Beats per minute) Stroke volume (mL/beat)- amount of blood ejected by ventricle during a single beat

Question 39

What is the blood pressure gradient

Answer 39

Ventricle pumps with highest pressure --> h.p. arterial circulation --> pressure drop relatively at capillaires --> low pressure venous circulation --> lowest pressuer at venae cavae and atrium

Question 40

What factors determine blood pressure

Answer 40

Cardiac output Peripheral resitance (diameter of arterial walls, affected by neural and hormonal factors) thickness/ viscosity of blood

Question 41

What are the factors influencing blood pressure

Answer 41

Age (increases BP) Emotion (eg sympathetic simulation or adrenaline/ non adrenaline hormone results in vasoconstriction raising BP) Exercise (BP increases due to increased venous return) Hormones (adrenaline, non adrenlaline, thyroid hormone, renin-angiotensin aldosterone stimulation) Sleep (decreases BP, decreased venous return) Pregnancy (increases BP due to increased metabolism)

Question 42

How to record blood pressure

Answer 42

systolic pressure/ distolic pressure

Question 43

What is the normal blood pressure

Answer 43

less then or equal too, 120mmHg/ 80mmHg

Question 44

What are the three stages of hypertension and what is the BP for it

Answer 44

prehypertension 120-139mmHg/ 80-89mmHG Hypertension stage 1 140-159mmHg/ 90-99mmHg Hpertension stage 2 160mmHg/ 100 mmHg (or higher) Systolic increase by 20mmHg and distolic increases by 10mmHg per stage

Question 45

Types of heart issues that could take place (5)

Answer 45

Hypertension Atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries with deposistion of plaque, this can cause thrombosis) Myocardial Infarction (death of myocardial tissue due to block in coronary artery) Angina pectoris (block in coronary artery) Aneurysm (dialtion of b.v. due to weakening of wall- due to atherosclerosis and hypertension)