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General anatomy and physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A

Transport:
- Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
- Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues

Protection:
- carries the cells and chemicals of immune system

Regulation: Homeostasis

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2
Q

Types of blood vesssels

A

Arteries: carry blood away from heart
Arterioles: smallest branch of artery

Veins: carry blood towards heart
Venules: collect blood from capillaries

Capilaries: network between artery and vein and called exchage vessels

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3
Q

Vascular pathway of blood flow

A

Arteries –> arterioles –> capilariese –> venules –> veins

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4
Q

What is the pulmonary and systemic circuit

A

Pulmonary circuit: blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs (from right ventricle and left atrium through pulmonary semilunar valve)

systemic circuit: carries blood to and from the body (from left ventricle to right atrium through aortic semilunar valve)

Blood alternates between pulmonary and systemic circuit

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5
Q

Location of heart

A

In the thorax behind the sternum, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum, a space between the two pleural cavities

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6
Q

orientation of heart

A

Base point toward right shoulder, apex directed toward left hip

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7
Q

What is the name of the thin membrane that surrounds the heat and its two parts

A

Pericardium,
the two parts are the parietal pericardium (line surface of pericardial cavity) and visceral pericardium/ epicardium (cover heart)

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8
Q

What is the fluid between the two layers of the pericardium

A

Pericardial fluid

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9
Q

Name the three layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium (contains cardiac muscles)
Endocardium/ endothelium

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10
Q

What are the structural differences between the left and right ventricles

A

Right ventricular wall is thinner whil the left ventricular wall is thicked to overcome pressure in the aorta

Right ventricle is pouch-shaped which the left ventricle is round

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11
Q

What is the structure that seperates the atria

A

Interatrial septum

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12
Q

What is the structure that seperates the ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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13
Q

What is the function of valves

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

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14
Q

What would happen if the valves malfunction and are unable to close properly

A

The cardiac output will be decreased and less blood will be pumped around the body. This will result in the patient experincing symptoms such as breathlessness and feel faint

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15
Q

What are the names of the valves betweem the atria and ventricles

A

Atriventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid (right) and Bicuspid (left) valves

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16
Q

What are the names of the valvues that are betweem the ventricles and pulmonary artery/ aorta

A

Pulmonary semilunar
valve and aortic semilunar valves

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17
Q

What does the cardiac veins do

A

drain the myocardium of blood

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18
Q

What does the coronary sinus do

A

A large vein posterior of the heart that receives blood from cardiac veins and empties into right atrium

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19
Q

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood too

A

Right atrium, portions of both vebtricles and cells of sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular nodes

20
Q

Where does the left coronary artery supply blodo too

A

Left ventricle, left artium and interventricular septum

21
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into

A

Marginal and posterior interventricular arteries

22
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into

A

Circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries

23
Q

What is the artery that is known as the widow maker

A

LAD artery, left anterior decending artery

24
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells and what do they do

A

Conducting system (controls and coordiantes heartbeat ) and contracticle cells (prodcuce contractions that propel blood)

25
Q

What is the name of the proptery of the heart to contract automatically

A

automaticity

26
Q

What are the structure of the conducting system

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node: on the wall of right atrium

Atriocentricular (AV) node: at junction between atria and ventricles

Conducting cells: that interconnect SA and AV nodes and distribute stimulus through myocardium

SA node –> AV node –> AV bundle and bundle brances –> purkenji fibres

27
Q

What holds the valves open

A

chordae tendineae

28
Q

What are the muscles that contract to cause the valves to open

A

papillary muscles

29
Q

How does the conducting system send signals

A

SA node activity and atrial activation begin (0 sec)

Stimulus spread acros the atrial surfaces and reached the AV node (50 msec)

There is a 100 msec delay at the AV node. Atrial contraction begins (150msec)

The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers (175 msec)

The impulse is distributed by purkinhe fibers and relayed thorughout the ventricular contraction begins (225 msec)

30
Q

What is the pacemaker of the normal heart

A

SA node

31
Q

What happens if the SA node cannot work

A

Av node will generate the impulse, if that does no work the abrnormal cells will work, if not a artifical pacemaker will be inserted when natural pacemaker fails

32
Q

What is the normal heart rate

A

70-80 beats per minute

33
Q

What is the heart rate when AV node generates impulse

A

40-60 beat per minutet

34
Q

What are the 2 types of abnormal pacemaker function

A

Bradycardia, abnormally slow heart rate < 60 bpm

tachycardia, abnormally fast heart rate > 100bpm

35
Q

What is the ectopic pacemaker

A

it is abnormal cells that generate high rate of action potentials
bypass conducting system and disrupt ventricular contractions, disrupting the rate and rhythm

36
Q

What are the three types of ECG waves

A

P wave (atrial contraction, at SA node), QRS complex (ventricular contraction) and T wave (ventricular relaxation)

37
Q

What causes the heart sounds

A

First heart sound (“Lubb”) is at the apex of the heart, where AV valves are closing

Second heart sound (“Dupp”) is due to semilunar valves closing

(sound is due to blood hitting against the closed valves)

Third and fourth heart sounds dare faint- due to atrial contraction and blood flow into ventricles

38
Q

how to calculate cardiodynamics

A

CO = HR x SV

Cardiac output (mL/min)- amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in 1 minute

HR (Beats per minute)

Stroke volume (mL/beat)- amount of blood ejected by ventricle during a single beat

39
Q

What is the blood pressure gradient

A

Ventricle pumps with highest pressure –> h.p. arterial circulation –> pressure drop relatively at capillaires –> low pressure venous circulation –> lowest pressuer at venae cavae and atrium

40
Q

What factors determine blood pressure

A

Cardiac output

Peripheral resitance (diameter of arterial walls, affected by neural and hormonal factors)

thickness/ viscosity of blood

41
Q

What are the factors influencing blood pressure

A

Age (increases BP)

Emotion (eg sympathetic simulation or adrenaline/ non adrenaline hormone results in vasoconstriction raising BP)

Exercise (BP increases due to increased venous return)

Hormones (adrenaline, non adrenlaline, thyroid hormone, renin-angiotensin aldosterone stimulation)

Sleep (decreases BP, decreased venous return)

Pregnancy (increases BP due to increased metabolism)

42
Q

How to record blood pressure

A

systolic pressure/ distolic pressure

43
Q

What is the normal blood pressure

A

less then or equal too, 120mmHg/ 80mmHg

44
Q

What are the three stages of hypertension and what is the BP for it

A

prehypertension
120-139mmHg/ 80-89mmHG

Hypertension stage 1
140-159mmHg/ 90-99mmHg

Hpertension stage 2
160mmHg/ 100 mmHg (or higher)

Systolic increase by 20mmHg and distolic increases by 10mmHg per stage

45
Q

Types of heart issues that could take place (5)

A

Hypertension

Atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries with deposistion of plaque, this can cause thrombosis)

Myocardial Infarction (death of myocardial tissue due to block in coronary artery)

Angina pectoris (block in coronary artery)

Aneurysm (dialtion of b.v. due to weakening of wall- due to atherosclerosis and hypertension)

General anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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