Haematological system Flashcards
Functions of blood
- Transport of dissolved gasses , nutrients, hormones and marbolic wastes
- Regulation of pH and ionic composition of interstitial fluids
- Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
- Defense against toxins and pathogens
- Stabilization of body temperature
what is the composistion of blood
55% Plasma
45% Formed elements
38 degree celcius is normal temperature
High visocity
Slightly alkaline pH (7.35- 7.45)
What is haemopoiesis
The process of producing formed elements of blood by myeloid (RBS n granulocyte production) and lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes, antibodies etc.)
What are the proteins in plasma and where are they mostly synthesized
Albumins (60%), Globulins (35%) and fibrinogen (4%)
Synthesized by liver
What are the features of Red blood cells
biconcave discs that have large surface area to volume ratio to increase the rate of diffusion
Has ability to bend and flex to squeeze through narrow capillaries
Lacks nuclei, mitochondria and ribosomes and how no ability to repair and lives around 90-120 days
Obtains energy through anaerobic metabolism, gluocose from surrounding plasma
What is another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
What is the pigment that red blood cells contains and what does this pigment do
Hemoglobin, that binds oxygen (heme) and carbondioxide (globin)
What is anemia caused by and the symptoms one will face
Reduced hemoglobin, the symptoms are fatigue, weakness and general lack of energy
Where are RBCs formed
In red blone marrow/ myeloid tissue and is regulated by erythropoiethin (EPO)
What happens during red blood cells turnover
Macrophages of liver, spleen and bone narrow enguld RBCs an detect and remove hemoglobin molecules from RBCs that have completed their life span and most of the haemoglobin is recycled
What is haemolysis
Rupture of RBS where hemoglobin is not recycled. it breaks down and is lost in urine
What antigens do type A, B, AB and O contain
Type A: antigen A and anti-B antibodies
Type B: antigen B and anti-A antibodies
Type AB: antigen A and B and has no antibodies
Type O: no antigen and has antibodies A and B
(antibodies stay in the blood)
What happens is type B transfuses blood to type A
Aggulatination will take place as surface antigen B and anti B antibody will react
What are white blood cells also known as
Leukocytes
Describing white blood cells in compairison to RBC
larger than RBC
Presence of nuclues and organelles
lack haemoglobin
Found in connective tissues, blood stream and lymphatic system
Function of white blood cell
Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins and wastes
Attack abnormal cells
Phagocytosis
Characterisistics of white blood cell
Capable of ameoboid movement
able to migrate our of the bloodstreams
positive chemotaxis (attracted to specific chemical stimuli which guides it to site of injury)
Capable of phagocytosis- engulfing pathogens, cell debris and other waste materials
Different type of white blood cells and when they increase
Neutrophills- increased in bacterial infections
Eosiphills- increased in parastic infection/ allergies
Basophills- increased in acute allergies
Monocyte- increased in chronoic conditions
Lymphocyte- increased in chronic conditions and viral infections
What is a pathogen
microscopic organisms that cause disease and attack the body in a characteristic way
What are the different types of pathogens (may not ask)
Viruses, replicate within living host cell
Bacteria multiply in interstitial fluids
Fungi produces sport and grow when condition favourable
Parasites burrow through internal organs
What is immunity and what are the two types of immnuity
Immunity is the ability to resisit infection and disease
The two types of immuity are innate, nonspecific defenses that are inborn and the adaptive, specific defenses where lymphocytes respond to specific threaths
Differnece of lymphatic vs immune system
Lymphathic system includes the cells, tissues and organs that defend the body and the primary cell is lymphocytes
immune system consists of all cells and tissues involved in production of immunity (multiple differnet systems in the body)
What are the functions of lymphatic system
- Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytess
- Return fluid and solutes from peripheral tissue to blood
- Distribute hormones, nutrients and waste products from tissues of origin to general circulation
What are the components of the lymphatic system
lyphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymphocytes
Lymphoid tissues and organs (thymus, lymph nodes etc)
What are lymphatic vessles and what are the differences of lymphatic capillaries from blood
Vessels that carry lymph
Lymphatic vessels start as pockets rather than tubes, have larger diameters, have thinner walls and are flat or irregular in section
What is lymphopoiesis
Lymphocyte production and development
What are the three types or lymphocytes
T cells (T lymphocytes), B cells (B lymphocytes) and NK cells (Natural Killer cells)
What are the four types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (directly attack forgien cells or virus infected body cells)
Helper T cells
(Stimulates activities of T and B cells)
Supressor T cells
(Inhibits activites of T and B cells)
Memory T cells
(“In reserve” to endhance speed and effectivness of future immune response)
What are the different percentages of the circulating lymphocytes
80% Tcells
10-15% B cells
5-10% NK cells
What do B cells differentitate into
they differentiate into plasma cells, these plasma cells produce and secrete antiboides (immunoglobuin)
What do B cells do
they play a role hummoral immunity, as they bind to antigens to form antigen- antibody complex which start chain of events that destrotys the target coupound of organism
What does NK cells do
They are large granular lymphocytes, responsible for immunological surveillance and providess innate (non-specific) immunity
What is a lymphoid nodule
-areolar tissue with densely packed lymphoctyes
-consistis of germinal center which contains dividing lymphocytes
Why do lymphoid nodules swell
-when lymphocytes in lymphoid nodule are unable to destroy bacteria or virus, it resutls in inflammatory response
What is the function of primary lymphoid organs and give two example
Lymphocytes production and maturataion
- thymus and bone marrow
what is the function of secondary lymphoid organs and give examples
filter pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes
- lymph node, spleen and tonsils
What is innate (non specific) defenses
genetically determined and present at birth
What arethe differnet categories of innate defenses
physical barries
Phagocytes
Immunological surveillance
Interferons
Complement system
Inflammation
Fever
what is adaptive (specific) defences response
develops when exposed to a specific antigen
What are the forms of immunity (adapative defence) (IMPT)
Active immunity
- naturally acquired active : through environmental exposure to pathogens
- Artifically Induced active: through vaccines containting pathogens
Passive immunity
- naturally acquired passive: antibodies acquired from the mother
- Induced acquired passive: by an injection of pre-formed antibodies
