Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General anatomy and physiology > Haematological system > Flashcards

Haematological system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transport of dissolved gasses , nutrients, hormones and marbolic wastes
  • Regulation of pH and ionic composition of interstitial fluids
  • Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
  • Defense against toxins and pathogens
  • Stabilization of body temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the composistion of blood

A

55% Plasma
45% Formed elements

38 degree celcius is normal temperature
High visocity
Slightly alkaline pH (7.35- 7.45)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is haemopoiesis

A

The process of producing formed elements of blood by myeloid (RBS n granulocyte production) and lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes, antibodies etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the proteins in plasma and where are they mostly synthesized

A

Albumins (60%), Globulins (35%) and fibrinogen (4%)

Synthesized by liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of Red blood cells

A

biconcave discs that have large surface area to volume ratio to increase the rate of diffusion
Has ability to bend and flex to squeeze through narrow capillaries

Lacks nuclei, mitochondria and ribosomes and how no ability to repair and lives around 90-120 days

Obtains energy through anaerobic metabolism, gluocose from surrounding plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pigment that red blood cells contains and what does this pigment do

A

Hemoglobin, that binds oxygen (heme) and carbondioxide (globin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is anemia caused by and the symptoms one will face

A

Reduced hemoglobin, the symptoms are fatigue, weakness and general lack of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are RBCs formed

A

In red blone marrow/ myeloid tissue and is regulated by erythropoiethin (EPO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during red blood cells turnover

A

Macrophages of liver, spleen and bone narrow enguld RBCs an detect and remove hemoglobin molecules from RBCs that have completed their life span and most of the haemoglobin is recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is haemolysis

A

Rupture of RBS where hemoglobin is not recycled. it breaks down and is lost in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What antigens do type A, B, AB and O contain

A

Type A: antigen A and anti-B antibodies

Type B: antigen B and anti-A antibodies

Type AB: antigen A and B and has no antibodies

Type O: no antigen and has antibodies A and B

(antibodies stay in the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens is type B transfuses blood to type A

A

Aggulatination will take place as surface antigen B and anti B antibody will react

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are white blood cells also known as

A

Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describing white blood cells in compairison to RBC

A

larger than RBC

Presence of nuclues and organelles

lack haemoglobin

Found in connective tissues, blood stream and lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of white blood cell

A

Defend against pathogens

Remove toxins and wastes

Attack abnormal cells

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Characterisistics of white blood cell

A

Capable of ameoboid movement

able to migrate our of the bloodstreams

positive chemotaxis (attracted to specific chemical stimuli which guides it to site of injury)

Capable of phagocytosis- engulfing pathogens, cell debris and other waste materials

18
Q

Different type of white blood cells and when they increase

A

Neutrophills- increased in bacterial infections

Eosiphills- increased in parastic infection/ allergies

Basophills- increased in acute allergies

Monocyte- increased in chronoic conditions

Lymphocyte- increased in chronic conditions and viral infections

19
Q

What is a pathogen

A

microscopic organisms that cause disease and attack the body in a characteristic way

20
Q

What are the different types of pathogens (may not ask)

A

Viruses, replicate within living host cell

Bacteria multiply in interstitial fluids

Fungi produces sport and grow when condition favourable

Parasites burrow through internal organs

21
Q

What is immunity and what are the two types of immnuity

A

Immunity is the ability to resisit infection and disease

The two types of immuity are innate, nonspecific defenses that are inborn and the adaptive, specific defenses where lymphocytes respond to specific threaths

22
Q

Differnece of lymphatic vs immune system

A

Lymphathic system includes the cells, tissues and organs that defend the body and the primary cell is lymphocytes

immune system consists of all cells and tissues involved in production of immunity (multiple differnet systems in the body)

23
Q

What are the functions of lymphatic system

A
  • Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytess
  • Return fluid and solutes from peripheral tissue to blood
  • Distribute hormones, nutrients and waste products from tissues of origin to general circulation
24
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system

A

lyphatic vessels

Lymph

Lymphocytes

Lymphoid tissues and organs (thymus, lymph nodes etc)

25
Q

What are lymphatic vessles and what are the differences of lymphatic capillaries from blood

A

Vessels that carry lymph

Lymphatic vessels start as pockets rather than tubes, have larger diameters, have thinner walls and are flat or irregular in section

26
Q

What is lymphopoiesis

A

Lymphocyte production and development

27
Q

What are the three types or lymphocytes

A

T cells (T lymphocytes), B cells (B lymphocytes) and NK cells (Natural Killer cells)

28
Q

What are the four types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells (directly attack forgien cells or virus infected body cells)

Helper T cells
(Stimulates activities of T and B cells)

Supressor T cells
(Inhibits activites of T and B cells)

Memory T cells
(“In reserve” to endhance speed and effectivness of future immune response)

29
Q

What are the different percentages of the circulating lymphocytes

A

80% Tcells

10-15% B cells

5-10% NK cells

30
Q

What do B cells differentitate into

A

they differentiate into plasma cells, these plasma cells produce and secrete antiboides (immunoglobuin)

31
Q

What do B cells do

A

they play a role hummoral immunity, as they bind to antigens to form antigen- antibody complex which start chain of events that destrotys the target coupound of organism

32
Q

What does NK cells do

A

They are large granular lymphocytes, responsible for immunological surveillance and providess innate (non-specific) immunity

33
Q

What is a lymphoid nodule

A

-areolar tissue with densely packed lymphoctyes

-consistis of germinal center which contains dividing lymphocytes

34
Q

Why do lymphoid nodules swell

A

-when lymphocytes in lymphoid nodule are unable to destroy bacteria or virus, it resutls in inflammatory response

35
Q

What is the function of primary lymphoid organs and give two example

A

Lymphocytes production and maturataion

  • thymus and bone marrow
36
Q

what is the function of secondary lymphoid organs and give examples

A

filter pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes

  • lymph node, spleen and tonsils
37
Q

What is innate (non specific) defenses

A

genetically determined and present at birth

38
Q

What arethe differnet categories of innate defenses

A

physical barries

Phagocytes

Immunological surveillance

Interferons

Complement system

Inflammation

Fever

39
Q

what is adaptive (specific) defences response

A

develops when exposed to a specific antigen

40
Q

What are the forms of immunity (adapative defence) (IMPT)

A

Active immunity
- naturally acquired active : through environmental exposure to pathogens
- Artifically Induced active: through vaccines containting pathogens

Passive immunity
- naturally acquired passive: antibodies acquired from the mother
- Induced acquired passive: by an injection of pre-formed antibodies

General anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions