Respiratory system Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system
Provides extensive gas exchange surface area betweem air and circulating blood
Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lung
Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and invading pathogens
Produces sounds for speaking, singing and other form of communication
Aid sin the snses of smell by the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity
What are the two portions in tract
Conducting portion: nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion:
respiratory bronchoiles and alveoli
What is an aveoli
Air filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exhange takes place
What is the name of the voice box
larynx
What is the flap that closes over the windpipe when eating
epiglottis
What are the structures in the nose
Coarse hairs guard nasal cavity from large airborne particles
Small airborne particles stick to mucous lining of nasal cavity
Turbulent air flow allow extra time for warming and humidifying air
Mucus and hairs clear the respiratory surface of nasal cavity
Why are there tendons in the windpipe
To ensure that the windpipe does not collapse and to provide it structral integrity
What is another name for the pharynx
Throat
What are the different branches of the bronchial tree
primary bronchi to secondary bronchi to tertiary bronchi to smaller bronchi to bronchioles to terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole to alveoli
What is the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on bronchi
Sympathetic inntercation causes bronchodilation
Parasymptathetic causes bronchoconstriction
What does alveolar ducts do
connect respiratory bronchoiles to alveolar sacs
What are alveoli
The exchange surfaces of the lungs
What are the three layers in the respiratory membrane
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basal laminae
Capillary endothelium
What are the lobes in the right and left lung
Right lung: three lobe (superior, middle and inferior) seperated by horizontal and oblique fissures
Left lung: two lobes (superior and inferior) seperated by oblique fissure
What is the different between external and internal respiration
external respiration is exhanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment
internal or cellular respiration is absorption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide with individual cells
How does pulmonary ventilation (breathing) take place
Movement of air in and out of respiratory tract for alveolar ventilation
Gas diffusion across respiratory membrane and capillaries walls
Oxgen and carbon dioxide exhange between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues
Pressure and airflow to lungs affect by pressure gradient
A respiration cycle is an inspiration + expiration
What are the two types of breathing
Eupnea, active inhalation with passive exhalation
Forced breathing
inhalation and exhalation are both active
Give a brief description of internal respiration
Interstitial fluid oxygen pressure lower and carbon dioxide higher than blood
Carbon dioxide will diffuses in and oxygen will diffuses out of blood
What factors affect release of oxygen into the body
partial pressure of oxygen in surrounding (more O2 when pressure lower)
Blood pH (O2 easily released when pH decrease)
Temperature ( more O2 when temp. rises)
name the function of RBC
Transport oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, peripheral tissues
Remove oxygen and carbon dioxide from plasma, allowing gases to diffuse into blood
How is carbon dioxide generated
As a byproduct of aerobic metabolism
How is carbon dioxide transported in the bloodstream
Dissolved in plasma, binds to haemoglobin w ithin red blood cells and is convereted to bicarbonic acid
Under normal conditions how is the equilibrium of respiration ensured
cellular rates of absorption and generation matched by rates of delivery and removal of the capillaries
What are the factors that contribute to maintainces of equilibrium of respiration
Local control (change in parital pressure at location/ change in blood flow or airflow into aveoli)
Control by brain’s respiratory centers
(medulla oblongata and pons involuntary and cerebral cortex voluntary)
Reflex control (normal breathing modified by respiratory reflexes)
Control by higher centers (effects on respiratory of pons and direct control of respiratory muscles)
What are the effects of again on respiration
The restriction of chest movements
- limits pulmonary ventilation and vital capcity
Emphysema in people over age 50
- worsens by smoking habit in individual
