The Human Body Plan Flashcards
Structural Levels of the Human Body
Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organism
Cell
Tissue - 4 types
Organ
Cell: Basic unit of structure (Structure varies)
Tissues: Precise organisations of similar cells that perform specialised functions. 4 types;
-i) Epithelial: covers exposed surfaces & lines body cavities
-ii) Connective: Protects, supports & interconnects body parts/organs
-iii) muscle: produces movement
-iv) nervous: conducts impulses for internal communication
Organ: 2+ tissue types combined (e.g. small intestine, brain)
Organ System
Organism
Organ System: Related organs that work together to co-ordinate activities and achieve a common function
Organism: Highest level - all body systems working together
7 Characteristics of Living Things
- Organisation
- Metabolism - various chemical reactions (e.g. contracting muscles, breaking down nutrients)
- Growth & Development - Increase size in life (growth) & increasing specialisation related to form and function (Development)
- Responsiveness - Ability to sense
- Adaptation - Over time may alter structure, physiology or behaviour to increase survival
- Regulation - (aka homeostasis)
- Reproduction - new cells for growth/repair & sex cells
Name the 11 Organ Systems
“Run Mrs. Lidec”
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Nervous
- Muscular
- Reproductive
- Skeletal
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
Overview on what the organ systems do:
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Nervous
- Muscular
- Respiratory: Exchanges gases (O & CO2) between blood & air in lungs
- Urinary: Filters Blood & removes waste products from blood - concentrates them into urine (& expels it)
- Nervous: Regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli & helps control all other systems
- also responsible for consciousness, memory & intelligence
- Muscular: Produces body movement & generates heat (thru. contraction)
Overview on what the organ systems do:
- Reproductive
- Skeletal
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
- Reproductive: Produces sex cells and relevant hormones
- Skeletal: Provides support & protection; site of homeopoiesis (blood cell production), stores Ca & P; provides site for muscular attachment.
- Lymphatic: Transports & Filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported thru lymph vessels) & initiates immune response when necessary.
- Integumentary: Protection; regulates body temp.; site of cutaneous receptors; syn. vitamin D & prevents water loss
Overview on what the organ systems do:
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Digestive: Mechanically & chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients & expels waste products
- Endocrine: Consists of glands & cell clusters that excrete hormones (e.g. ones that regulate body & cellular growth, chem. levels & reproductive function)
- Cardiovascular: Consists of heart, blood & blood vessels. Heart moves blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients & gases, & to pick up wastes
The Anatomical Position
Characteristics;
- Standing upright
- Feet parallel and on floor
- Head level & looking forward
- Arms by side of body
- Palms facing forward & thumbs pointing away from body
Section & Planes
Section: An actual cut or slice through structure, or a piece removed by slicing a structure
Plane: Imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ
-3 Major Planes;
1. Coronal (frontal) Plane: Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (Front) and posterior (back) parts
2. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ. The body is separated into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
3. Midsaggital (Median) Plane: Extents through body or organ vertically, dividing the structure into equal left and right parts.
-sagittal = parallel to midsaggital (though not in equal left and right parts)
-Are also Oblique Planes (those that pass thru specimen at an angle
Divisions of Regional Anatomy
- Axial: head, neck, and trunk (vertical axis of body)
2. Appendicular: upper and lower limbs (appendages)
Body Cavities - Posterior & Ventral cavities
Posterior Cavities:
-Cranial: Formed by skull bones
-Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones
Ventral Cavities:
-Thoracic: the superior cavity (Ribcage)
-Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity (physically separated by diaphragm
Cavity Membranes
- Ventral cavities lined by a very thin serous membrane
- divided into 2 continous parts:
- Parietal layer: Lines the internal surface of the body wall
2. Visceral layer: Covers the external surface of the organs in the cavity
- Parietal layer: Lines the internal surface of the body wall
-Both layers produce small amount of fluid (serous) to lubricate the organs to protect from friction
Define -;
Caudal Cranial Rostral Ipsilateral Contralateral Deep Superficial Proximal Distal
Caudal - at rear or tail end
Cranial - at head end
Rostral - towards nose
Ipsilateral - on same side
Contralateral - on opposite side
Deep (internal) - on the inside, underneath another structure
Superficial (external) - on the outside
Proximal - Closest to point of attachment to trunk
Distal - furthest from point of attachment to trunk