The Human Body Plan Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Levels of the Human Body

A

Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organism

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2
Q

Cell

Tissue - 4 types

Organ

A

Cell: Basic unit of structure (Structure varies)
Tissues: Precise organisations of similar cells that perform specialised functions. 4 types;
-i) Epithelial: covers exposed surfaces & lines body cavities
-ii) Connective: Protects, supports & interconnects body parts/organs
-iii) muscle: produces movement
-iv) nervous: conducts impulses for internal communication
Organ: 2+ tissue types combined (e.g. small intestine, brain)

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3
Q

Organ System

Organism

A

Organ System: Related organs that work together to co-ordinate activities and achieve a common function
Organism: Highest level - all body systems working together

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4
Q

7 Characteristics of Living Things

A
  1. Organisation
  2. Metabolism - various chemical reactions (e.g. contracting muscles, breaking down nutrients)
  3. Growth & Development - Increase size in life (growth) & increasing specialisation related to form and function (Development)
  4. Responsiveness - Ability to sense
  5. Adaptation - Over time may alter structure, physiology or behaviour to increase survival
  6. Regulation - (aka homeostasis)
  7. Reproduction - new cells for growth/repair & sex cells
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5
Q

Name the 11 Organ Systems

A

“Run Mrs. Lidec”

  • Respiratory
  • Urinary
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Lymphatic
  • Integumentary
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
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6
Q

Overview on what the organ systems do:

  • Respiratory
  • Urinary
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
A
  • Respiratory: Exchanges gases (O & CO2) between blood & air in lungs
  • Urinary: Filters Blood & removes waste products from blood - concentrates them into urine (& expels it)
  • Nervous: Regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli & helps control all other systems
    • also responsible for consciousness, memory & intelligence
  • Muscular: Produces body movement & generates heat (thru. contraction)
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7
Q

Overview on what the organ systems do:

  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Lymphatic
  • Integumentary
A
  • Reproductive: Produces sex cells and relevant hormones
  • Skeletal: Provides support & protection; site of homeopoiesis (blood cell production), stores Ca & P; provides site for muscular attachment.
  • Lymphatic: Transports & Filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported thru lymph vessels) & initiates immune response when necessary.
  • Integumentary: Protection; regulates body temp.; site of cutaneous receptors; syn. vitamin D & prevents water loss
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8
Q

Overview on what the organ systems do:

  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
A
  • Digestive: Mechanically & chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients & expels waste products
  • Endocrine: Consists of glands & cell clusters that excrete hormones (e.g. ones that regulate body & cellular growth, chem. levels & reproductive function)
  • Cardiovascular: Consists of heart, blood & blood vessels. Heart moves blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients & gases, & to pick up wastes
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9
Q

The Anatomical Position

A

Characteristics;

  • Standing upright
  • Feet parallel and on floor
  • Head level & looking forward
  • Arms by side of body
  • Palms facing forward & thumbs pointing away from body
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10
Q

Section & Planes

A

Section: An actual cut or slice through structure, or a piece removed by slicing a structure
Plane: Imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ
-3 Major Planes;
1. Coronal (frontal) Plane: Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (Front) and posterior (back) parts
2. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ. The body is separated into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
3. Midsaggital (Median) Plane: Extents through body or organ vertically, dividing the structure into equal left and right parts.
-sagittal = parallel to midsaggital (though not in equal left and right parts)

-Are also Oblique Planes (those that pass thru specimen at an angle

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11
Q

Divisions of Regional Anatomy

A
  1. Axial: head, neck, and trunk (vertical axis of body)

2. Appendicular: upper and lower limbs (appendages)

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12
Q

Body Cavities - Posterior & Ventral cavities

A

Posterior Cavities:
-Cranial: Formed by skull bones
-Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones
Ventral Cavities:
-Thoracic: the superior cavity (Ribcage)
-Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity (physically separated by diaphragm

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13
Q

Cavity Membranes

A
  • Ventral cavities lined by a very thin serous membrane
  • divided into 2 continous parts:
    1. Parietal layer: Lines the internal surface of the body wall
      2. Visceral layer: Covers the external surface of the organs in the cavity

-Both layers produce small amount of fluid (serous) to lubricate the organs to protect from friction

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14
Q

Define -;

Caudal
Cranial
Rostral
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Deep
Superficial
Proximal
Distal
A

Caudal - at rear or tail end
Cranial - at head end
Rostral - towards nose
Ipsilateral - on same side
Contralateral - on opposite side
Deep (internal) - on the inside, underneath another structure
Superficial (external) - on the outside
Proximal - Closest to point of attachment to trunk
Distal - furthest from point of attachment to trunk

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