Lifestyle Disorders; Circulatory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System: definition

  • features of it
  • what it transports to and from cells
A

Circulatory System: a fluid-filled network of tubes (or vessels) through which materials move between the environment and the cells of a multicellular animal

  • connects all parts of an organism
  • is a closed system
  • Transports Oxygen and glucose needed by the cell and removes wastes (carbon dioxide and urea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major components of circulatory system

A
  • Pump (heart) -> continously circulates blood
  • Network of tubes (arteries and veins)
  • Blood -> fluid that fills circulatory system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Renal vein and artery

Mesenteric veins

*what they connect to

A
  • Renal: connects to kidneys

- Mesenteric: connects to intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Accessory organs of circulatory system

A
  • Lungs: where O is taken up and CO2 released
  • Kidneys: where wastes removed from blood; critical in regulating fluids in body
  • Small intestines; digestion
  • Large intestine; water absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is blood pressure?

A
  • force of blood against wall of arteries
  • systolic: as heart beats
  • Diastolic: as heart relaxes

*if blood pressure over 135 over 85, have hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypertension - two classifications

A
  • Essential hypertension: no specific medical cause can be found to explain a patient’s condition (approx 95%)
  • Secondary hypertension: high blood pressure is a result of another condition (such as kidney disease or tumours)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is considered as high blood pressure?

  • signs and symptoms
  • what it increases chance of
  • what it can result in
A
  • consistent blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
  • has few warning signs or symptoms (only routine checking can tell)
  • it increases chance for heart disease, kidney disease, eye problems and for having a stroke
    • can ultimately result in cardiovascular disease (includes variety of heart disease, stroke and related vascular diseases)
      • CVD is one of major lifestyle diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HBP effect on Arteries

A
  • Causes arteries to harden
    • in turn causes the kidneys and heart to work harder

*this contributes to a number of problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HBP effect on the brain

A
  • Is most important risk factor for stroke

- can cause a break in a weakened blood vessel which then bleeds in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HBP effect on the kidneys

A
  • Kidneys act as filters to rid body of wastes
    • HBP can narrow and thicken blood vessels
  • wastes build up in blood which can result in kidney damage

*HBP reduces the effectiveness of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HBP on the eyes

A
  • can eventually cause blood vessels to break and bleed into the eye
    • may result in blurred vision or even blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who can develop HBP

A
  • Anyone, but more common in;
  • Australian aboriginals/African Americans (they get it earlier and more often)
  • slightly more prevalent in older men than women
  • overweight people & those with a family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes HBP?? (6)

A
  • narrowing of arteries
  • greater than normal volume of blood (due to dietary factors such as sodium)
  • Heart beating faster or more forcefully than it should (through drugs)
  • Another medical problem (obesity, sleep apnea, tumors, pregnancy)
  • Extrinsic factors (age, sex, weight, race, mood, posture and physical activity)
  • Lifestyle (i.e. smoking, alcohol, stress)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of stress in HBP

A

-Types of stress include workload, mental stress and socio-economic position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Preventing Hypertension

A

Adopting a healthy lifestyle by;

  • Following a healthy eating pattern
  • maintaining a healthy weight
  • being physically active
  • limiting alcohol
  • quit smoking
  • decreasing salt intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tips for having BP taken

A
  • Don’t drink coffee/smoke 30 mins before
  • have test late morning or afternoon (bp highest in morning)
  • sit 5 mins before test
  • go to bathroom before test (full bladder can affect results)
  • get 2 readings taken
17
Q

Other treatments from HBP

A
  • Diurtics (work on kidney to remove excess water)
  • Beta blockers (reduce impulses to the heart and blood vessels)
  • nervous system inhibitors (slow nerve impulse to heart)
  • vasodilators
  • ace inhibitors (cause blood vessels to relax and blood to flow freely)
18
Q

Atherosclerosis

-what is it

A

-is a progressive degenerative disease that lead to occulsion (gradual narrowing) of arteries due to fatty material build up, fibrious or atherosclerotic plaque and calcium deposition and scarring

19
Q

Mild plaque formation

-what it is

A
  • lipids accumulate
  • attract macrophages, that in turn attract smooth muscle cells
  • smooth muscle cells divide and enlarge to form “atheroma”
20
Q

Stable plaque formation

A
  • Plaque bulges into vessel lumen
  • invasion of damaged area by fibroblasts forming scar tissue over the plaque
  • further complicated by endothelial cell damage
21
Q

Advanced stages of Atherosclerosis

A
  • Calcium deposits w/in plaque (associated with hardening of arteries)
  • exposed endothelium and collagen causes platelets to stick and clots to form = thrombus
  • complete occlusion of evessel can occur and lead to heart attack or stroke
22
Q

Complications of artherosclerosis (3)

A
  1. Thrombo-emboli formation: “sticking of BC to exposed/damaged cell wall - can enlarge untils occludes vessel or can dislodge which can travel and occludes a smaller vessel
  2. Angina pectoris: severe chest pain - tissue eventually dies due to decreased blood supply
  3. Myocardial infection: “heart attack” can be mild to severe
23
Q

Outcomes of Heart attack

-management goals (3)

A

-1/3 = death
-majority of these occur before patient reaches hospital
-4% of those that survive die within first year
-pain = most common persisting complaint
-often accompanied by nausea, vomitting, anxiety and loss of consciousness
Management goals = pain control, administration of aspirin (thickens blood vessel walls) and early identification of patients who are candidates

24
Q

Who’s at risk of heart attack

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Obesity
  • Age
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Lack of exercise
  • Excess cholestrol levels in the blood
25
Q

Cholestrol

A
  • Are good and bad cholesterol
  • not water soluble - carried by lip-proteins
  • Bad; low density lipoproteins
    • less protein more lipid (cholesterol transported into the cell)
  • Good: high density lipoproteins
    • more protein less lipid
    • cholesterol taken out of cell