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BMS101 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A

*main: breathing - involves inhalation & exhalation

  • Gas exchange
  • Gas conduction (warmed, humidified, cleansed)
  • Sound production
  • Olfaction (olfactory epithelium)
  • Defense (i.e. hairs w/in) nostrils - brisae)
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2
Q

Division of Respiratory System;

  • Anatomically
  • Functionally
A

Anatomically; Can be divided into tracts:

i) Upper respiratory tract (nose to pharynx)
ii) Lower respiratory tract (larynx down to and including the lungs)

Functionally; the system can be divided into functional zones

i) Conducting zones (passageways that transport air; nose to terminal bronchioles)
ii) Respiratory zone: small airways dedicating to gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)

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3
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Comprised of;

  • nose and nasal cavities
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx

*are all part of the conducting portion of respiratory system

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4
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Comprised of:

  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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5
Q

Nose

A
  • Is main conducting airway for inhaled air
  • supported superiorly by paired nasal bones (form bridge of nose)
  • Supported anteroinferiorly from the bridge by fleshy, cartilagenous dorsum nasi
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6
Q

Nasal Cavity & associated structures;-

-conchae, nasal meatus, vestibule

A
  • begins as internal component of nose, ends as openings to nasopharynx (CHOANAE)
  • nasal septum divides nasal cavity into right & left portions
  • shell like bony scrolls form lateral walls (superior, middle & inferior nasal conchae)
    • conchae = condition air in the spaces between (nasal meatus)
  • anterior region of nasal cavity = vestibule
  • lined w/ psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • most superior part = olfactory epithelium
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7
Q

Paranasal sinuses - function & name (4)

A
  • Four bones of the skull contain paired air sacs = paranasal sinuses
  • make bones lighter in weight
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoidal
  • sphenoidal
  • maxillary
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8
Q

Pharynx - features

-3 regions

A 
*Shared by two organ systems - digestive & respiratory*
aka throat
-funnel shaped
-lined by mucosa
Divided into 3 regions;-
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
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9
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • most superior region
  • conducts air
  • lined w/ psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Continous w/ nasal cavity & superior to soft palate
  • opening of auditory tubes found in lateral walls
  • posterior nasopharynx wall houses single pharyneal tonsil
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10
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • begins at end of soft palate & ends at lvl of hyoid bone
  • opening of oral cavity into oropharynx = fauces (throat)
    • has 2 pairs of muscular arches on lateral walls
  • conducts air & serves as passageway for food/air
  • non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (strong enough to w/stand abrasion)
  • lymphatic organs: First line of defense when foreign materials digested
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11
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Starts inferior to hyoid bone - continuous w/ larynx and esophagus
  • Same function & structure as oropharynx
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12
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract (conducting portion)

A

Comprised of;-

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles - terminal
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13
Q

Larynx

A

-(aka voicebox)
-continuous w/ larynopharynx
-supported by framework of cartilages, ligaments & muscles
FUNCTIONS: passageway for air, prevents ingested matter from entering, sound for speech, assist. in increasing pressure in ab. cavity, participates in sneeze & cough reflex
3 major cartilages:
1. Thyroid Cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis

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14
Q

Major Cartilages of the larynx; Thyroid Cartilage

A
  • largest cartilage
  • has anterior & lateral wall only (shield shaped)
  • V shaped anterior projection = laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)
    • usu. larger in males due to testoterone’s influence on cartilage growth
  • composed of hyaline cartilage
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15
Q

Major Cartilages of the larynx: Cricoid Cartilage

A
  • inferior to thyroid cartilage
  • complete ring-shaped cartilage
  • maintains openness of windpipe
  • composed of hyaline cartilage
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16
Q

Major cartilages of the larynx: Epiglottis

A
  • Spoon shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into pharynx
  • swallowing causes epiglottis to close opening - prevents materials entering lower respiratory tract
  • made of more elastic elastic cartilage
17
Q

Sound Production

A
  • vocal folds found in larynx comprised of vocal ligaments covered by mucous membrane
  • opening b/w vocal folds = rima glottidis
  • vocal folds + rima glottidis = glottis
  • when air forced through rima glottidis, causes vibration of vocal folds = sound
18
Q

Trachea

A

aka windpipe

  • inferior to larynx, superior to primary bronchi, anterior to oseophagus
  • 12-14cm in length
  • supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages (to help maintain & keep trachea open)
  • mucosa lined w/ psuedo-stratified columnar epithelium & mucin-secreting goblet cells (helps humidify air & trap debris)
  • bifurates into 2 smaller tubes = bronchi
    • ridge where they separate = carina
19
Q

Bronchial Tree

A
  • highly branched system
  • begin w/ primary bronchi & end w/ terminal bronchi
  • belong to conducting portion
  • reside w/in substance of lungs
  • branches into left & right primary bronchi @ carina
    • right wider & more vertical - divides into 3 secondary bronchi
    • left divides into 2 secondary bronchi
  • secondary bronchi divide into 8-10 tertiary bronchi (or segmental/lobar)
20
Q

Patterns observed in structure as Bronchial tree divides

A
  • incomplete rings of cartilage becomes smaller and less numerous
  • all bronchi lined w/ pesudostratified columnar epithelium to trap debris
  • bronchi branch into bronchioles - these lack rings and lined with simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium
21
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • less than 1 mm in diameter
  • walls composed of relatively thick layer of smooth muscle
  • contraction of muscles = narrowing of brionchioles = bronchoconstriction (aka asthma)
  • relaxation of muscles = bronchodilation
  • branch into terminal bronchioles - are last part of of conducting portion
22
Q

Respiratory Portion of respiratory system

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • aveolar ducts & sacs
  • pulmonary alveoli
23
Q

Structures between terminal bronchioles -> alveolus

A
  • Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
  • alveolar ducts end w/ small saccular outpocketings called alveoli
  • thin walls of alveolus is where respiratory gases diffuse
24
Q

Alveolus - 2 types of cells

-alveolar macrophages

A

Walls formed by 2 types of cells;-

  • Alveolar type 1 cells: simple squamous (majority - is where gas exchange occurs)
  • Alveolar type 2 cells: almost cuboidal (produce pulmonary surfactant - decreases surface tension w/in alveolus and prevents collpase of alveoli

-alveolar macrophages: engulf any microorganism or particulate matter that makes it way into alveolus

25
Q

Respiratory Membrane - function

-3 components

A

-Is the diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases exchanged between blood and air in alveoli
Consists of:
-plasma membrane of type 1 alveolar cells
-plasma membrane of capillary cell
-fused basement membrane of both cells

26
Q

Pleura - what it is

  • cell type
  • visceral vs parietal
  • pleural cavity
A

-Pleura = serious membrane that lines outer lung surface & adjacent thoracic wall
-formed from simple squamous epithelium (called mesothelium)
VISCERAL PLEURA: outer surface of lung
PARIETAL PLEURA: interior thoracic wall, lateral mediostinum and superior surface of diaphragm

-secrete serious fluid - for lubrication & tension b/w pleural membranes
Pleural cavity: space b/w visceral and parietal cavities

27
Q

Lungs

  • shape
  • hilum
A

-conical in shape - base inferiorly rests on diaphragm, apex = superior most portion
-apex projects slightly superior and posterior to clavicle
-costal surface comes in contact w/ ribs
mediastinal surface housed concaver region = hilum (is where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves pass into and out of lungs
-hilum and its structures = root of lung

28
Q

Left lung vs right lung

A

Left Lung:
-slightly smaller (due to heart projecting)
-heart makes indentation on medial surface = cardiac impression/cardiac notch
-oblique fissure - divides lungs into 2 LOBES (superior & inferior)
Right Lung:
-2 fissures (oblique & horizontal)
-divided into 3 LOBES (superior, middle & inferior)

29
Q

Blood supply to & from lungs

-Pulmonary and bronchial circulation

A
  • pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
  • Bronchial circulation is a component of systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from bronchi and bronchioles
    • is what actually oxygenates lungs
30
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation - what is it

  • what happens during inhalation & exhalation in terms of;
  • volume, pressure and air flow
A 
(AKA breathing)
-Is the movement of air into and out of respiratory system
-movement of gases follows Boyle's law (pressure)
Inhalation:
-volume of thoracic cavity increases
-intrapulmonary pressure decreases
-air flows into lungs
Exhalation: opposite of inhalation
31
Q

Thoracic wall dimension changes during respiration

A

-during inhalation & exhalation, thoracic cavity changes in 3 dimensions;

  • Vertically: movement of diaphragm
  • Lateral: rib cage is elevated and thoracic cavity widens (or rib cage depresses)
  • Anterior/posterior: inferior position of sternum moves anteriorly and then posteriorly
32
Q

Muscles of Respiration

A
  • External intercostals: elevates ribs during inhalation
  • Internal intercostals: depresses ribs during forced exhalation
  • Diaphragm: major muscle of respiration
33
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Internal dome-shaped muscle that physically separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  • possesses central tendon - all of its fibres converge (has holes that allows diff. structures to pass through)
  • Contraction of diaphragm causes a depression of muscle, thus increasing the vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity
34
Q

4 continuous and simultaneous process of gas exchange

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation: movement of respiratory gases b/w atmosphere and alveoli of lungs
  2. Alveolar gas exchange: exchange of resp. gases b/w alveoli and blood
  3. Gas transport: transport of resp. gases w/in blood b/w lungs and systemic cells of body
  4. Systemic gas exchange: exchange of gases b/w blood and systemic cells of body
35
Q

Mechanisms of breathing

A

Several integrated aspects;

  • specific actions of skeletal muscles
  • volume changes w/in thoracic cavity
  • pressure changes from volume changes
  • pressure gradients
  • volumes and pressures involved in breathing

BMS101 (30 decks)

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